Abstract
Penicillin is the oldest and one of the most commonly used groups of antibiotics at present. They are derived from the mold/fungi Penicillium. Penicillin can be divided into two groups, namely natural and semisynthetic penicillins. Natural penicillins are produced from the fermentation of the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. The semisynthetic penicillins, on the other hand, are prepared from (+)-6-aminopenicillanic acid. This article reviews the general background, occurrence, uses, toxicokinetics, toxicity, environmental fate and behavior, clinical management, and exposure standards and guidelines of some penicillin agents.
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