Abstract
Most parasites induce chronic infections: nonreplicating parasites, for instance schistosomes, may survive for more than 10 years in humans. The parasite must be tightly adapted to its host to fulfill its metabolic and nutritional requirements. This implies a reciprocal tolerance between parasite and mammalian host despite the immune response of the latter, resulting in nonsterilizing immunity in the majority of protozoan or metazoan parasite infections.
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