Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Patients with End Stage Renal Disease

Abstract

IntroductionCKD5 is the final stage of chronic kidney disease in which the patient has end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and their kidneys are about to fail. One of the larger factors that contributes to the progression of renal failure is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs when there’s an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. DNA, proteins, and lipids can become damaged as a result of this imbalance. Stable derivatives of oxidants are used as biomarkers of oxidative stress. When renal damage occurs, likely due to oxidative stress, the levels of biomarkers will likely be more elevated in ESRD patients compared to control samples. L‐FABP is a cytoplasmic protein involved in facilitating and transporting long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and is very significant in many research experiments related to CKD5. The purpose of this research project is to explore the relationship between oxidative stress biomarkers in ESRD patients and how the presence of ESRD contributes to the concentration of these biomarkers in patients. Hypothesis: The levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in ESRD patients will be elevated in comparison to the concentrations of them in control patients. Materials andMethodsBlood samples were collected from CKD‐5 patients and stored in sodium citrate tubes and centrifuged at 3000 rpm to separate the plasma. Normal human plasma (NHP) was obtained from a commercial vendor. The CKD‐5 and NHP were used to profile the biomarkers through ELISA kits. The statistical and correlation analysis was done through PRISM GraphPad software and IBM SPSS. Multiple statistical analysis tests were run to determine the correlation among the biomarkers and whether the data was statistically significant. Correlation analysis, Mann‐Whitney U tests, normal distribution, skewness tests, and quartile analysis tests were done through PRISM Graphpad Software and IBM SPSS.ResultsThe results are calculated in terms of group means. L‐FABP showed statistically significantly higher values in ESRD patients compared to control patients. L‐FABP was found to be 106599.4 pg/ml in ESRD v.s. 5116.33 pg/ml in NHP. PAI‐1a was found to elevated in ESRD (17.9 ng/ml) compared to NHP (10.47 ng/ml), while NO also showed higher values in ESRD (34.74 umol/L) compared to NHP (13.79 umol/L). There was a weak correlation between the biomarkers, but ESRD patients showed highly elevated levels of L‐FABP in comparison to NO and PAI‐1.ConclusionThese results suggest that impaired renal function and kidney damage contribute to the marked increase of L‐FABP in ESRD patients. Moreover, the increase in PAI‐1 and NO suggest the upregulation of oxidative stress and hemostatic deficit.