Abstract
Poor osteogenesis and bacterial infections lead to an implant failure, so the enhanced osteogenic and antimicrobial activity of the implantable device is of great importance in orthopedic applications. In this study, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphocholine (MPC) was grafted onto 316L stainless steel (SS) using a facile photo-induced radical graft polymerization method via a benzophenone (BP) photo initiator. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to determine the nanoscale morphological changes on the surface. The grafted BP-MPC layer was estimated to be tens of nanometers thick. The SS-BP-MPC composite was more hydrophilic and smoother than the untreated and BP-treated SS samples. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria binding onto the SS-BP-MPC composite film surface was significantly reduced compared with the pristine SS and SS-BP samples. Mouse pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cells showed good adhesion on the MPC-modified samples and better proliferation and metabolic activity (73% higher) than the pristine SS sample. Biological studies revealed that grafting MPC onto the SS substrate enhanced the antibacterial efficiency and also retained osteoblast biocompatibility. This proposed procedure is promising for use with other implant materials.
Highlights
Microbial infection in implantable biomaterials due to biofilm formation is a major human infectious disease problem due to device-associated contamination
In this work we report on biocompatible methacryloyloxyethyl phosphocholine (MPC) polymer grafted onto a 316L stainless steel (SS) substrate using the photo-induced radical graft polymerization method via benzophenone (BP), and investigate both antibacterial and cell survival effects
AISI type 316L stainless steel (SS) with a size of 10 × 10 mm and thickness of 1 mm was purchased from Qiheng Stainless Steel Co., Ltd., Foshan, China. 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl phosphocholine (MPC, 99.9%), benzophenone (BP), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), osmium tetroxide (OsO4), tween 80 (99%), paraformaldehyde (PFA), ethanol (99.9%), acetone (99%), lysogeny broth (LB), dimethylthiazol diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St
Summary
Microbial infection in implantable biomaterials due to biofilm formation is a major human infectious disease problem due to device-associated contamination. Active or passive SS substrate chemical modification is an efficient approach for improving surface properties because of the ability to control the interface and chemical flexibility [7] Strategies such as plasma treatment [10], free radical copolymerization [9], photo-induced radical graft polymerization [11], thiol-ene click reaction [12], ion implantation [13], electro-grafting [14], etc., have been developed to coat/graft a suitable polymer or antibody derivative onto the SS surface. Kyomoto et al thoroughly investigated MPC or poly(MPC) grafting onto various polymeric substrates (such as poly (ether ether ketone), cross-linked polyethylene (CLPE), vitamin E blended CLPE) to improve the unique properties of anti-protein adsorption, high lubricity, and low friction, good biocompatibility, cell membrane-like surface, and antibacterial adhesion effects for various orthopedic implantable devices [11,26,27]. Our specific goal is to manipulate the SS composite surface properties for antibacterial adhesion effect and to improve cell compatibility and survival for normal cells for promising implantable biomedical applications
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