Optimization of Extraction Condition of Bee Pollen Using Response Surface Methodology: Correlation between Anti-Melanogenesis, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolic Content.

Seon Kim,Mi Lee,In Hong,Bang Hwang,Yang Jo,Sang Han,Qing Liu,Jong Ahn

doi:10.3390/molecules201119656

Abstract

Bee pollen is flower pollen with nectar and salivary substances of bees and rich in essential components. Bee pollen showed antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity in our assay system. To maximize the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of bee pollen, extraction conditions, such as extraction solvent, extraction time, and extraction temperature, were optimized using response surface methodology. Regression analysis showed a good fit of this model and yielded the second-order polynomial regression for tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant activity. Among the extraction variables, extraction solvent greatly affected the activity. The optimal condition was determined as EtOAc concentration in MeOH, 69.6%; temperature, 10.0 °C; and extraction time, 24.2 h, and the tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activity under optimal condition were found to be 57.9% and 49.3%, respectively. Further analysis showed the close correlation between activities and phenolic content, which suggested phenolic compounds are active constituents of bee pollen for tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant activity. Taken together, these results provide useful information about bee pollen as cosmetic therapeutics to reduce oxidative stress and hyperpigmentation.

Highlights

Skin interfaces with the environment and is the primary target of environmental stresses
Since the anti-melanogenesis and antioxidant activity of bee pollen were quite different between each solvent fraction, we attempted to optimize the extraction conditions for maximum tyrosinase inhibition
Since the anti-melanogenesis and antioxidant activity of bee pollen were quite different between each solvent fraction, we attempted to optimize the extraction conditions for maximum tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant activity

Summary

Introduction

Skin interfaces with the environment and is the primary target of environmental stresses. Exposure to repeated UV irradiation and pollution produces oxidative stress to skin which, causes skin damage and the aging process. Antioxidant defense system in our body such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reduces reactive oxygen stress (ROS) and protects our skin from oxidative stress [1–4]. Melanin is a dark macromolecular pigment produced in melanocytes by melanogenesis. It plays an important role in protecting skin from UV radiation and toxic chemicals, excessive production and accumulation of melanin produces ROS, which aggravates skin damage. Excessive and uneven accumulation of melanin in specific parts induces pigmentation problems [5,6]. Natural products which reduce oxidative stress and inhibit melanin synthesis have become important constituents in cosmetic products [7–10]

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Conclusion