Abstract
Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are key components in efficiently managing the electric power supply and demand in microgrids. However, the BESSs have issues in their investment costs and operating lifetime, and thus, the optimal sizing of the BESSs is one of the crucial requirements in design and management of the microgrids. This paper presents a problem framework and its solution method that calculates the optimal size of the BESSs in a microgrid, considering their cooperative operations with the other components. The proposed framework is formulated as a bi-level optimization problem; however, based on the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker approach, it is regarded as a type of operation scheduling problem. As a result, the techniques developed for determining the operation schedule become applicable. In this paper, a combined algorithm of binary particle swarm optimization and quadratic programming is selected as the basis of the solution method. The validity of the authors’ proposal is verified through numerical simulations and discussion of their results.
Highlights
Academic Editors: Adel Merabet and Andrey V
This paper presented a problem framework and its solution method, which calculates the optimal size of battery energy storage systems (BESSs), considering their cooperative operations with the other controllable components in a microgrid
In the problem formulation, the target problem was represented as a bi-level optimization to emphasize the mutual interaction in the optimal sizing and the optimal operation scheduling
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Focusing on the CGs only, their operation scheduling is formulated as a mixed integer programming (MIP) problem that combines problems of the unit commitment (UC) and the economic load dispatch (ELD) As it is essentially the same as the UC–ELD problem for the thermal power generation units in the bulk power grids, their solution techniques are applicable. A combined algorithm of binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) and quadratic programming (QP), which is the BPSO–QP [23,28], is applied to the problem framework This algorithm was originally proposed for operation scheduling problems, but in this paper, it provides both the optimal size of the BESSs and the optimal operation schedule of the microgrid under the assumed profile of the net load. Through numerical simulations and discussion on their results, the validity of the proposed framework and the usefulness of its solution method are verified
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