Abstract
Considering that the charging behaviors of users of electric vehicles (EVs) (including charging time and charging location) are random and uncertain and that the disorderly charging of EVs brings new challenges to the power grid, this paper proposes an optimal electricity pricing strategy for EVs based on region division and time division. Firstly, by comparing the number of EVs and charging stations in different districts of a city, the demand ratio of charging stations per unit is calculated. Secondly, according to the demand price function and the principle of profit maximization, the charging price between different districts of a city is optimized to guide users to charge in districts with more abundant charging stations. Then, based on the results of the zonal pricing strategy, the time-of-use (TOU) pricing strategy in different districts is discussed. In the TOU pricing model, consumer satisfaction, the profit of power grid enterprises, and the load variance of the power grid are considered comprehensively. Taking the optimization of the comprehensive index as the objective function, the TOU pricing optimization model of EVs is constructed. Finally, the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is introduced to solve the above optimization problems. The specific data of EVs in a municipality directly under the Central Government are taken as examples for this analysis. The empirical results demonstrate that the peak-to-valley ratio of a certain day in the city is reduced from 56.8% to 43% by using the optimal pricing strategy, which further smooth the load curve and alleviates the impact of load fluctuation. To a certain extent, the problem caused by the uneven distribution of electric vehicles and charging stations has been optimized. An orderly and reasonable electricity pricing strategy can guide users to adjust charging habits, to ensure grid security, and to ensure the economic benefits of all parties.
Highlights
Since the 1990s, environmental pollution and fossil-energy shortages have become increasingly serious [1]. us, energy-saving and environmentally friendly electric vehicles (EVs) have attracted worldwide attention [2]. e United States, Japan, and many countries in Europe have formulated relative policies to encourage the development of the EV industry [3]. rough a series of policy incentives, the Chinese government has strongly supported the development of its domestic EV industry to promote the production and sales of EVs, as well as the construction of charging infrastructure [4]
Based on the analysis of the charging characteristics of EVs, and considering the problems of large fluctuation on the grid and the imbalance in distribution and utilization of charging stations, a comprehensive optimization model based on zonal and TOU pricing for EVs is proposed in this paper. e empirical analysis is carried out with 6 municipal regions in a municipality directly under the Central Government as the research object
Compared with the disorderly charging behavior of EVs, the following conclusions are obtained: (1) Formulating the charging price in different regions is beneficial to guide users to perform decentralized charging. e research shows that reasonable zonal pricing can effectively guide users to charge in adjacent areas and can effectively alleviate the charging pressure in crowded areas. e price signal is conducive in guiding the user to select a suitable charging station in advance, which can reduce the charging cost of the user and improve the utilization efficiency of the charging station and increase the operating income of the power grid
Summary
Since the 1990s, environmental pollution and fossil-energy shortages have become increasingly serious [1]. us, energy-saving and environmentally friendly electric vehicles (EVs) have attracted worldwide attention [2]. e United States, Japan, and many countries in Europe have formulated relative policies to encourage the development of the EV industry [3]. rough a series of policy incentives, the Chinese government has strongly supported the development of its domestic EV industry to promote the production and sales of EVs, as well as the construction of charging infrastructure [4]. According to the data released by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, the emission factor of air pollutants for pure electric passenger vehicles during operation phase is 0 g/km. Electric vehicles have uniform prices set by the government, with the pricing mechanism having little effect on guidance and adjustment by EV users Under this circumstance, it is difficult for EVs to play their role in peak shaving and valley filling [24] and in reducing the operating cost of the system [25]. Fully considering the charging demand of users and the impact of safe operation of charging stations, this paper explores how to formulate a reasonable and orderly charging strategy and how to formulate an effective price response mechanism for electric vehicles.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
