Optimal Dynamic Production Planning for Supply Network with Random External and Internal Demands

This study aims to look at the estimated structural changes in the input output table for DKI Jakarta Province in 2024. Estimates for changes in the structure are obtained by making projections of the input-output table for DKI Jakarta Province in 2024 using the Dynamic Input Output (DIO) model, namely by embedding the econometric model into the input output model, using the 2016 based year, 52 economic sectors, and 22 data series from 2000 to 2021.DIO is a hybrid model that places more emphasis on non-survey aspects that combines macro-econometric equations with identity equations in input-output analysis. This model has many dynamic equations consisting of 425 equation model. The parameters value of the equation are estimated using a combination of three estimation methods: (1) Ordinary Least Square, (2) First Order of Autoregressive, and (3) Second Order of Autoregressive. The general balance value in the DIO model is formulated using the Gauss-Seidel iteration "RAS" method.The results of the study show that in 2024 the corporate services sector, the chemical, pharmaceutical and traditional medicine industry sector, and the transportation equipment industry sector are the dominant sectors in shaping changes in the structure of intermediate demand. The Construction Sector, the Corporate Services sector, and the transportation equipment industry sector are the dominant sectors shaping changes in the structure of intermediate input. The construction sector, the real estate sector, and the wholesale and retail trade sector, not cars and motorcycles, are the dominant sectors in shaping changes in the structure of final demand. For the gross value added component, the Wholesale and Retail Trade sector, Not Cars and Motorcycles, the Private Information and Communication sector, and the Financial Intermediary Services sector other than the Central Bank are the largest sectors in the formation of structural changes.

Behavior needs neural variability

Effects of mental demands during dispensing on perceived medication safety and employee well-being: A study of workload in pediatric hospital pharmacies

Fatigue is a significant health care problem of interest to professionals in many disciplines. Yet, it is poorly understood. Fatigue, as an indicator of adaptation, is examined in relationship to internal and external environmental demands in women's lives. From a secondary analysis of data collected from a large group of women in a Northwest urban community in the U.S., it was found that internal demands such as depression or anxiety are more significantly related to fatigue and vitality than external demands such as negative life events or employment status.

BackgroundThe quality of the evidence used in health technology assessment (HTA) agency reports has been considered essential for decision-making processes and their legitimacy. In Brazil, CONITEC is the agency responsible for defining data mandatory for the submission of proposals for the incorporation of new technologies. The objective of this study was to analyse CONITEC recommendation reports, the type of scientific evidence used in them and their compliance with operational procedures.MethodsThis is a descriptive study based on CONITEC official reports from July 2012 through December 2016. Data were collected with a specific extraction form and analysed using descriptive statistics.ResultsWe evaluated 199 CONITEC recommendation reports. The annual number of reports increased during the study period. The absolute annual number of new technologies incorporated in 2013 (n = 24) was similar to that observed for 2014 (n = 24) and 2015 (n = 22), decreasing in 2016 (n = 13). The type of technology most frequently evaluated was ‘drugs’ (68.3%), followed by ‘procedures’ (20.1%). Overall, 117 (58.8%) reports were internal demands, 75 (37.7%) were external demands and 7 (3.5%) were mixed demands. There were differences between internal and external demands in terms of the evidence used in the reports and the decision regarding the recommendation to incorporate the technologies. Among the internal demands, the recommendation to incorporate the new technology was made for 70.9% of the reports, only 9.6% of which included full HTAs. Among the external demands, the incorporation of the new technology was recommended for 17.3% of the reports, 76.9% of which included full HTAs. Of the 101 reports in which incorporation of the new technology was recommended, 88 (87.1%) did not include a full health economic evaluation and ICER calculation. There are compliance difficulties with the recommendations in the CONITEC internal regulations regarding the type and quality of evidence considered in the analysis of recommendation reports.ConclusionsThe characteristics of the evidence used in recommendation reports and those considered to be mandatory were very different, indicating problems in decision-making processes. There is a need to study, with a broader perspective, the factors that influence the type of evidence used in decision-making processes in order to contribute to the development of better practices and policies.

Confiscated Growth Département des diagnostics de l'OFCE In 1986 both the price of oil and the exchange rate of the dollar have come back to levels more in line with market equilibrium. But these have not had the expected stimulating effects. The improvements in the terms of trade — particularly large in Europe and Japan -- have slowed down the growth of general government and corporate net debt at a time when many developing countries have been forced to adopt severe financial measures. The flow of capital to the OECD countries has been balanced by a sharp reduction of the demand from the rest of the world, while important losses of market shares were conceded to the newly-industrialising countries. The recovery of private consumption has been significant, but not enough to stimulate investment. An important portion of corporate resources has continued to flow to the financial markets, contributing to keeping real interest rates high. In 1987 and early 1988 the slackening of demand in the United States and then its contraction, will dominate the international environment. In such a context the persistence of the American external deficit will aggravate monetary, trade and financial tensions. Faced with increased external competition and weak world demand, Japan and above all Europe will suffer seriously from any additional drop of the dollar. In France the likelihood of significant growth appears limited. Household consumption growth will slow down because of low wage increases, not fully compensated by a strong growth in non-wage income. The recovery of private investment will accelerate but its pace will remain slower than the improvement in profits. The growth of final domestic demand will tend to benefit foreign more than French suppliers, who are facing hightened competition in domestic and world markets from the South-East Asian countries. The trade balance could turn negative. A 1.7 per cent GDP growth in 1987 will not be enough to stop unemployment from rising. A more expansionist economic policy could curb this upward trend, but there is a continuing risk of any surge in demand being captured largely by foreign competitors. expected slowdown of household consumption, the near-stagnation of investment, and the weakness of exports. Destocking following involuntary stockbuilding in the second quarter of 1986 is expected to depress activity in the first part of this year, notwithstanding some strengthening of final demand. A modest pick-up is therefore not likely until the second quarter, led by investment and exports. Household consumption is likely to recover only moderately, given the weak growth of real incomes. The slowdown in the growth of world demand, projected for around the end of this year, will again limit growth in 1988. Overall, GNP seems likely to grow by 1.7 per cent in 1987 and 1.3 per cent in 1988. As a result only part of the considerable increase in profits in 1985-86 seems likely to be used for productive investment. The risk of an upturn in inflation in France in the coming quarters seems small. The policy of strict control of public sector salaries, combined with rising unemployment, seems likely to lead to moderation in the overall growth of incomes : hourly wage rates are likely to increase by a modest 2.8 per cent in 1987 and 2.4 per cent in 1988. Output prices seem likely to stop growing faster than unit costs, except in the tertiary sector, which has not yet restored its margins to the levels of the 1970s. On the assumption that the price of oil will stabilize around $ 16 per barrel at the end of the second quarter, the growth of the consumer price index will be around 2.7 per cent in 1987 and 2.4 per cent in 1988. Under the assumption of a progressive increase in the oil price to $20 by the end of 1988, inflation could be around 3 per cent both this year and next. In either case disinflation, as measured by the GNP deflator, will continue, with inflation falling from 5 per cent in 1986 to 3 per cent in 1987 and 2.5 per cent in 1988. Despite the modest growth of domestic demand and inflation, the external surplus of goods and services recorded in 1986 (around FF 21 billion) seems likely to be smaller this year because of a reduction in the manufactures balance of FF 15 billion. The decline in international competitiveness, due to the fall of the dollar since 1985, could be expected to result in some loss of market share. Nevertheless this is likely to be limited to 1.5 points in 1987 and 1 point in 1988, compared with 3 points over the course of the last two years. The slow growth of employment in the market sector seen in 1986 risks being interrupted because of modest growth of production and the perverse effect of the youth employment scheme "Emploi des Jeunes". It seems that a number of people were taken into employment in 1986 in anticipation of an exemption from social charges. Despite the recent new measures in respect of long-term unemployed, unemployment will continue to grow significantly. The number of unemployed could reach 2.8 million in the spring of 1988. The pick-up of investment in industry in 1984-1985 seems likely to continue in the next two years (6.5 per cent in 1987 and 5.4 per cent in 1988 in 1970 prices for the total of non-financial enterprises). Is this likely to be sufficient ? It would seem to be so if compared with the likely growth of internal and external demand, but not if considered in relation to the now considerable capacity to finance productive investment out of retained earnings. The study reported in the last part of this article suggests that the reduction of corporation tax would probably not be effective in sparking off a significant increase in investment. For given budgetary cost a direct subsidy to productive investment in the form of a tax credit would be ten times as effective. But the benefits would be realised only over the medium term.

International norms of what it means to be a state dictate domestic policy within developing and unrecognized states but must co-exist with internal demands. With a mutual dependence between internal and external considerations and, indeed, legitimacy, at the fore of Somaliland’s statebuilding project and its stability, it is a useful study in achieving ‘success’ in statebuilding and in what success can mean in bringing together internal and external demands. This article examines the impact of the hybrid inclusion of traditional authority in the central democratic government as the marriage between internal and external demands. This article argues that the Somaliland state is successful because it is a flexible process rather than a project; a process that reflects the demands and expectations of society, an aspect that is often absent in statebuilding projects.

Being a teacher educator (TE) of today is often described as a complex task. TEs have to deal with internal demands from students, colleagues and leaders and with external demands from state authorities when shaping the education programme in which they teach. The present article focuses on TEs in Swedish preschool teacher education and aims to explore how commitment to and demands, inside and outside the higher education system, are handled and reflected upon, specifically the demands on considering student-centred learning. Results from interviews with 10 TEs show a perceived lack of support from the faculty board and its office and how colleagues contribute to tensions but also are perceived as supportive colleagues to learn from. Results also show the TEs’ efforts to overcome less desirable traditions. The combined results show how TEs are part of webs of commitments regarded as related fields and threads dependent on each other rather than separate parts, making the web/teacher education programme fragile. If any part breaks, the whole programme will be damaged. The discussion relates to how to overcome traditions and making actors in the programme shape a future-directed good education together.

Since China's reform and opening-up in 1978, its international trade has experienced rapid growth, with a long-term trade surplus becoming a prominent feature against the backdrop of sustained economic expansion. In particular, its bilateral trade with the United States has consistently been in a trade surplus. This paper examines the relationship between the trade surplus and China's economic growth through a literature review, aiming to systematically analyse the dual effects of the trade surplus. The research findings indicate a positive correlation between the trade surplus and China's economic growth. The trade surplus drives economic growth by boosting external and internal demand, accumulating foreign exchange reserves (enhancing the ability to stabilise exchange rates and ensure import security), and strengthening government investment in infrastructure, human capital, and strategic industries. However, trade surpluses also pose risks, including resource misallocation leading to industrial imbalances, increased vulnerability to global shocks due to overreliance on external demand, and pressure on the renminbi to appreciate, which weakens export competitiveness.

Uncovering the effects of external demand on China’s coal consumption: A global input–output analysis

(1) Background: The use of advanced technology to study the energy demands of sport participants during actual sport competition is an important current research direction. The purpose of this study was to identify the physiological, internal, and external demands placed on basketball referees using ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, in relation to the period of the game. (2) Methods: The sample was comprised of nine international referees, and the data collection took place during the Women’s EuroBasket Sub-16 championship. Internal and external load were assessed through the inertial device WIMU PROTM, using UWB technology in order to quantify the effort exerted by each referee. The internal load was examined in relation to each individual’s heart rate (HR). The external load included the kinematic variables accelerations (Acc), decelerations (Dec), Acc/min, Dec/min, distance covered, steps, maximum speed (Vmax), average speed (Vavg), and speed zones, as well as the neuromuscular variables impacts (Imp), PlayerLoadTM (PLTM), PLTM/min, Metabolic Power (PMet), and PMet/min. (3) Results: The results exposed that referees work around 62% HRmax and spend more than 80% of the match at intensities between 0–12 km/h. The first period was the period in which the greatest work demand was experienced in relation to these neuromuscular outcomes (11.92 PL; 3.61 Met; 277 Impacts). The results revealed a diminishment of internal and external demands on the referees over the course of the game. (4) Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of monitoring and quantifying the workload of basketball officials, because doing so would allow for the establishment of individualized performance profiles that could be designed with the purpose of benefiting referee performance during games. The use of inertial devices allows for the objective quantification of referee workload under competitive circumstances.

The study of interactions between the economy and the environment has always been an interesting subject. Apart from static input---output (IO) models, environmentally extended IO analysis has resulted in dynamic IO models as well. Dynamic models are built of differential equations and, in the case of discrete models with the help of difference equations. The dynamic approach requires advanced mathematical skills especially in cases where the stability of the system under study is considered. In this paper we state some applied environmental models in discrete time based on dynamic IO analysis and we propose a computational approach in computer algebra system environments that investigates the extent and the nature of their stability. The computer codes are fully presented and can be reproduced as they are in computational-based research practice and education.

The input–output (IO) models proposed by W.W. Leontief are an effective tool for scientific modeling of various economic processes. At the same time, dynamic IO models are of particular importance. They are used to analyze macroeconomic trends. The authors of this work are confident that the theoretical and applied results of modern mathematical control theory can be effectively used in dynamic IO models. It is shown that the process of implementing investment programs is equivalent to the problem of constructing program controls, and their corrections in the presence of some disturbances can be modeled as problems of synthesis of stabilizing feedbacks. Moreover, the notions of an investment scenario and a group of acceptable scenarios are introduced. In the framework of the proposed model, the problem of choosing the structure of the control system is discussed. The results of numerical experiments are presented. In conclusion, the problem of multi-program control is formulated.

Input–output structure and growth in China

These days, the shortage of final disposal site is one of the most serious problem in Japan. Waste derived from households is to be disposed by local government and industrial waste by the sectors in the district, while the waste is released due to provide goods and services with various final demand beyond the district. This causes inter-regional environmental dependence. In this study, patterns of interdependent structure of industrial waste induced by final demand is evaluated by using Input-Output Analysis. First, the interrelation between internal and external demand in domestic 8 regions is estimated using waste intensity of each industry. As a result, various sectors' inducement in sludge waste which has great share in final disposal was observed reflecting inter-regional economic transaction. Second, reducing volume and costs of treatment and disposal of the sludge waste were examined taking consideration of polluter's pay principle.