On how titanium dioxide nanoparticles attenuate the toxicity of mercuric chloride to Artemia salina: investigation of fatty acid composition, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation.

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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) as an emerging pollutant in aquatic environments can interact with metals reducing or enhancing their toxicity in these environments. This study examined and compared the toxic effects of mercury ions (Hg2+ ions) on immobilization percentage, fatty acid profile, and oxidative stress of Artemia salina nauplii, individually (Hg) and simultaneously in the presence of 0.10 mg.L-1 (Hg-0.1TiO2NPs) and 1.00 mg.L-1 TiO2NPs (Hg-1TiO2NPs). The interaction between Hg2+ ions and TiO2NPs was evaluated using DLS and AAS-VGA. Simultaneous exposures exhibited an unexpected dual effect on A. salina nauplii. A synergistic effect was observed in Hg-0.1TiO2NPs, while increasing the TiO2NPs concentration in Hg-1TiO2NPs prevented the synergy of the mixture compounds offering an antagonistic effect on nauplii. This dual effect was assigned to a greater number of available active sites and agglomeration of TiO2NPs at higher concentrations. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation induced by Hg were diminished in Hg-1TiO2NPs in line with the immobilization results. In Hg, total amounts of saturated fatty acids (∑SFA) increased while total monounsaturated (∑MUFA) and total polyunsaturated (∑PUFA) ones decreased compared with the control. However, they showed no significant change considering the control in Hg-1TiO2NPs, again confirming the antagonistic effect on nauplii. The unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio decreased in both Hg and Hg-1TiO2NPs compared with the control, however, this reduction in Hg-1TiO2NPs was lower than in Hg. The present results emphasized getting a more comprehensive understanding of how TiO2NPs impact the bioavailability and toxicity of co-contaminants through their combined effects and interactions.