Old tall durum wheat cultivars are suited for dual-purpose utilization

Abstract

Abstract The lateness, tallness and high vigour of old tall durum wheat cultivars could be advantageous for dual-purpose use and their high propensity for lodging should be reduced by grazing. A 3-year field trial was performed in Sardinia, Italy, in a typical Mediterranean environment. Crops of the durum wheat cultivar Senatore Cappelli were sown in October, and grazing was simulated by clipping half of the plots at the terminal spikelet stage of development. The forage biomass derived from clipping varied greatly between seasons (from 0.8 to 3.3 t ha−1 dry matter) in response to the notable inter-seasonal variability in weather conditions. Cultivar Senatore Cappelli showed good recovery following clipping, with the ability to attain almost complete radiation interception well before anthesis. The high number of leaves that emerged after clipping might have contributed to this good recovery. Nevertheless, clipping reduced the dry matter produced by anthesis (16 t ha−1 in clipped compared to 21 t ha−1 in unclipped crops) as well as the final dry matter (DMMAT) (19 t ha−1 in clipped compared to 23 t ha−1 in unclipped crops), although these differences disappeared when the clipped biomass was included. The lower lodging observed at anthesis in the clipped (21%) compared with unclipped crops (63%) likely reduced the difference between treatments. The lower DMMAT of clipped treatments was reflected in a lower grain yield (GY) (3.4 t ha−1 vs 4.2 t ha−1 in the unclipped treatment). Clipping did not affect the amount of nitrogen present in the biomass, nitrogen uptake efficiency or radiation use efficiency. GY reduction after clipping was mediated by the reduction in spikes m−2 and kernels m−2 (KNO). Spike fertility was not affected by clipping, because the same amount of radiation was available for each spike (about 1 MJ). The period with reduced ground cover after clipping was reflected in an increased evaporation and reduced transpiration, which did not alter the total water used and increased the transpiration efficiency in terms of DMMAT. Old tall durum wheat cultivars manifested good suitability for dual-purpose use in environments with low attainable yields because their low grain yield potential contributed to reducing the negative effects of clipping on GY. Their high straw yield and kernel protein percentage represented an advantage with respect to semi-dwarf cultivars.