Obtaining the initial material for soybean breeding by physical mutagenesis

Abstract

Relevance. Breeding of new highly productive, adaptive, technological soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars plays an important role in increasing the fund of food protein. In this case, the key role belongs to the initial material. However the main problem of modern breeding has become a decrease in the genetic diversity of initial material of cultivated plants, including soybean. One of the ways to increase genetic polymorphism is the usage of induced mutagenesis. X-ray radiation is a highly effective physical mutagen that is successfully used in mutation breeding to increase the productivity of cultivated plants and acquire new traits by them. In this regard, the purpose of our work was to create a new initial material for soybean selection using ionizing radiation. The experiments were carried out in 2018–2020. The study materials were soybean cultivars SibNIIK 315, Milyausha, Chera 1, Samer 3, El’dorado, Zolotistaya.Methods. For induced mutagenesis, the air-dry seeds of the cultivars El’dorado and Zolotistaya distinguished in our studies by high productivity were exposed to X-ray radiation in doses of 105, 107, 1010 rad. After irradiation, the seeds were sown in the field. Field assessments, phenological observations were carried out according to the methodology of the State cultivar testing of agricultural crops.Results. The El’dorado cultivar showed less radiosensitivity. The largest number of mutant forms was obtained from it at the maximum dose of irradiation of seeds. The mutants were grouped according to their growing season duration and productivity. The group of highly productive early ripening mutant forms is of the greatest value for soybean breeding. Mutants MR-20/19, MR-22/19, MR-24/19, MR-28/19, MR-29/19 are 9–10% more productive than the original El’dorado cultivar and can be directly used to create new cultivars. Mutant forms from other groups identified by us are also of interest for soybean breeding.