Abstract
Obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are interrelated conditions that form the foundation of metabolic syndrome, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and other health complications. Obesity often precedes the development of hypertension and T2D through the dysregulation of adipocytokines such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and TNF-α, leading to insulin resistance, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction. This review examines the pathophysiological connections between these conditions, focusing on the role of adipocytokines, assessment methodologies for each condition, and integrated management strategies. Effective management requires lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, patient education, and a multidisciplinary approach. Continuous monitoring, including blood pressure and biomarker evaluation, is essential for tailored treatment. Emerging therapies targeting adipocytokines and personalized precision medicine approaches present promising future directions for treatment. Further research into the long-term impact and the development of integrated strategies is critical for improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden of these interconnected metabolic disorders. Keywords: Obesity, Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, Adipocytokines, Insulin Resistance, Inflammation.
Published Version
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