Abstract
Surface subsidence induced by underground mining is one of the challenging problems in mining engineering, which can destroy ground surface buildings and cause huge economic losses to the mine. In this study, a two‐dimensional numerical model, established by the discrete element method code PFC2D, was adopted to investigate the mechanical mechanism of surface subsidence and backfill material movement induced by underground mining in the Hongling lead‐zinc mine. In the first simulation case, the ore body was excavated from the ground surface to the mining level 705 m by the sublevel caving mining method, and the stress evolution during the mining process was analyzed to reveal the mechanical mechanism of surface subsidence. In the second and third simulation cases, the mined‐out areas above 905 m were backfilled by the noncemented tailings and an insulating pillar was reserved beneath the backfill material, and then the deep ore body was excavated by two different mining methods to study the movement law of the backfill material and rock strata induced by underground mining. The numerical simulation results show that when the sublevel caving mining method is adopted, underground mining can induce toppling failures in the hanging wall and lead to a large collapse pit in the ground surface. After the toppling failures in the hanging wall, the collapsed waste rock in the mined‐out area can provide support force for the surrounding rock and restrict the further collapse of the hanging wall. Furthermore, when the cut‐and‐fill mining method is adopted for the excavation of deep ore body, the insulating pillar can restrict the horizontal displacement of surrounding rock and maintain the stability of the backfill material. The cut‐and‐fill mining method can efficiently control the surface subsidence and prevent the occurrence of collapse pit in the ground surface and is recommended for the Hongling lead‐zinc mine to solve the surface subsidence problem.
Highlights
Over the last decades, the large-scale exploitation of mineral resources from underground brings mankind great economic and social benefits, but it gives rise to a series of security and environmental issues, a major one being the surface subsidence problem [1,2,3]
That provided by the cemented filling material. It indicates that when the cut-and-fill mining method is adopted for underground mining, the insulating pillar can provide large support stress for the surrounding rock and maintain the stability of the collapsed waste rock and backfill material in the surface subsidence pit. erefore, it is of great significance to reserve a reasonable insulating pillar when using the cut-and-fill mining method to excavate the ore body beneath the collapse pit
Based on the geological conditions of Hongling lead-zinc mine, a two-dimensional numerical model was established by PFC2D to study the mechanism of ground surface subsidence and movement law of backfill material due to underground mining, and the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) When the sublevel caving mining method is adopted, the marble will collapse firstly and lead to the formation of collapse pit in ground surface
Summary
The large-scale exploitation of mineral resources from underground brings mankind great economic and social benefits, but it gives rise to a series of security and environmental issues, a major one being the surface subsidence problem [1,2,3]. The sublevel caving fills the mined-out area by means of caving surrounding rock, inducing significant strata movement and surface subsidence. Many studies have been carried out by researchers to investigate the surface subsidence mechanism by means of theoretical analysis, physical modeling, field observation, and numerical simulation. In the aspect of theoretical research, Hoek [8] developed a limit equilibrium analysis to predict the progress failure of hanging wall in the Grangesberg Mine, and his analysis was extended by Brown and Ferguson [9] to account for a sloping ground surface and groundwater pressures in the tension crack and on the shear plane.
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