Abstract
In this study, a novel and simple synthetic sol-gel procedure was established to directly prepare spherical lead titanate powders without prior synthesis/usage of spherical templates such as TiO2 particles. Isotropic submicron particles with a mean diameter of 1–4 μm were prepared in this way. This synthetic process takes advantage of acetone as a stabilizing ligand and autogenous pressure generated in the autoclave during the reaction. The influence of various experimental factors (nature of the ligand, thermal treatment mode, and post-calcining temperature) as well as the formation mechanism were studied. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to explore the particle morphology. The crystalline phases were explored and identified by X-ray diffraction analysis.
Highlights
Lead titanate (PbTiO3, PT) is a key ferroelectric compound with various technological applications which cover the field of electro-ceramics
Several techniques have been tried for the synthesis of pure, homogeneous, and fine lead titanate powders
The quality of the particles developed by the above methods is very sensitive to many processing factors such as pH, temperature, and reactant concentrations. It becomes clear from the above exposition that the prior preparation of TiO2 is the essential step towards the successful synthesis of PT spherical particles
Summary
Lead titanate (PbTiO3, PT) is a key ferroelectric compound with various technological applications which cover the field of electro-ceramics. Common methods for preparing nano-sized PT fine powders comprise chemical co-precipitation, sol-gel and hydrothermal synthesis, in addition to the conventional solid-state route of mixed oxides. The majority of these techniques necessitate relatively high calcination temperatures to transform the PT amorphous powders into a single-phase ferroelectric material. The quality of the particles developed by the above methods is very sensitive to many processing factors such as pH, temperature, and reactant concentrations It becomes clear from the above exposition that the prior preparation of TiO2 is the essential step towards the successful synthesis of PT spherical particles. Its main objective is to demonstrate that spherical PT powders can be produced via sol-gel procedure in one step, and without using any template or surfactant
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