Abstract
Nonlethal weapons (NLWs) are weapons intended to incapacitate or repel personnel without injuring them. NLWs are used for a spectrum of conflicts from wars to personal defense. Chemical NLWs include riot control agents (RCAs), calmatives, and incapacitating agents (ICAs). RCAs are designed to temporarily disable in a self-limiting way by causing intense irritation of the eyes, lungs, or skin. RCAs have three common characteristics: rapid onset of effect, brief duration of effect, and high safety ratio. RCAs include ortho-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS), chloroacetophenone (CN), dibenz[b,f]1,4-oxazepine (CR), bromobenzene cyanide (BBC or CA), bromoacetone (BA), oleoresin capsicum (OC), capsaicin, diphenylaminochlorarsine (DM), and chloropicrin (PS). They are classified as lacrimators, vomiting agents, and sternutators. Calmative agents are psychoactive substances that produce effects ranging from unconsciousness to hallucinations. ICAs are chemical materials that temporarily impair the performance of the central nervous system and persist for hours to days. ICAs can be categorized as psychochemical agents, stimulants, depressants, psychedelics, and deliriants.
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