Abstract
Noni fruit is hereditary used as herbal medicine of various diseases that can arise due to exposure of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and cigarette smoke (DMBA-CS). This research aimed to assess the noni fruit extract (NFE) potential to maintaining the immune system from DMBA-CS exposure. The study with a completely random design was using male BALB/c mice (7-8 weeks old). NFE prepared with aqueous solvent and administered for five weeks (5x/week) with a dose of 30, 90, or 810 mg/kg of body weight (BW) per oral. After five weeks, NFE administration stopped, and mice were exposed with DMBA (20 mg/kg BW per oral) and CS for five minutes in five weeks (2x/week for each). This study also used a healthy group and a group that exposed to DMBA-CS without NFE administration. During the ten weeks of treatment, the body weight was measured. After the whole treatment, liver, kidney, lung, and spleen were isolated and weighed. Splenocyte cells were isolated for Flowcytometry. Data was analyzed in parametric by using One-Way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey-HSD (p-value < 0.05). The results showed the NFE helped the mice to maintain the weight when exposed to DMBA-CS. NFE was prevented the weight loss of the liver but not for spleen, whereas in the kidney and lung did not occur significant weight change in all groups. NFE at certain dosages modulated the expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-1b. This study indicated that NFE potentially maintains the immune system homeostasis from DMBA-CS exposure.
Highlights
Indonesia, as one of the country with a high diversity of flora, becomes one of the medicinal herb sources, namely noni plant (Morinda citrifolia L.), which has been established by the National Agency for Drug and Food Control of Republic of Indonesia (NADFC) as one of the main medicinal herbs that continue to be studied until clinically tested
The group of animals including healthy control (N), one group that exposed by DMBA and cigarette smoke for five weeks without noni fruit extract (NFE) administration (DMBA-CS), a group that administered with NFE 30 mg/kg body weight per oral for five weeks exposed with DMBA and cigarette smoke for the five weeks (D1-DMBACS), group D2-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and cigarette smoke (DMBA-CS) (NFE 90 mg/kg BW per oral), and group D3-DMBACS (NFE 810 mg/kg BW per oral)
The body weight can be maintained even administration of NFE at all three doses can increase body weight when mice were exposed to DMBACS, despite the fact that the decline occurred in the last days of DMBA-CS exposure (Figure 1b)
Summary
As one of the country with a high diversity of flora, becomes one of the medicinal herb sources, namely noni plant (Morinda citrifolia L.), which has been established by the National Agency for Drug and Food Control of Republic of Indonesia (NADFC) as one of the main medicinal herbs that continue to be studied until clinically tested. PAH, such as 7.12Dimetylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), is even referred to as a priority pollutant in the environment because it caused the most harmful impacts, can be found with high concentrations in the environment and humans are exposed to that compound (Rubailo & Oberenko, 2008) While free radicals such as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are found in abundant quantities and are obtained from a diverse source, either endogenous (from mitochondrial activity, peroxysomes, and cell metabolism) or exogenous (from cigarette smoke, alcohol, pesticides, radiation) that can negatively affect the body's in an excessive amount (Phaniendra et al, 2015).
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