Abstract
Fungal associations with nematodes have attracted scientific attention because of the need to develop new biocontrol agents. In this context, Ijuhya vitellina, an antagonistic fungus previously isolated from the plant parasitic cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi, was selected to carry out an in-depth metabolomic study for its active metabolites. Herein, three new nonapeptide peptaibols with leucinostatin based sequences were isolated and identified by 1, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS-MS. The absolute configuration was assigned based on Marfay’s analysis and Mosher ester formation. The new leucinostatins manifested moderate nematicidal effect against the plant pathogenic nematode Pratylenchus penetrans with LD90 values ranging from 5 to 7 µg/mL. Furthermore, a cyclodepsipeptide, named arthrichitin D, with five amino acid residues attached to a 3-hydroxy-2,4-dimethylhexadeca-4,6-dienoic fatty acid chain was discovered and showed weak nematicidal effect against Caenorhabditis elegans. Chaetoglobosin B and its 19-O-acetyl derivative were also obtained as minor metabolites, and the activity of chaetoglobosin B on the actin cytoskeleton of mammalian cells was assessed.
Highlights
Being able to infect animals, microorganisms, and plants, nematodes have been the subject of intense research in the last decade; plant nematodes that were reported to cause huge losses in the agricultural field among many of the economically influential crops with more than US80$ billion estimated annual cost
We propose the trivial names leucinostatins U, P, Q, and arthrichitin D and describe their physico-chemical characteristics below
The current study revealed that the potential biocontrol candidate I. vitellina is able to produce a substantial diversity of secondary metabolites, which comprise oligopeptides as well as cytochalasins of the chaetoglobosin type
Summary
Being able to infect animals, microorganisms, and plants, nematodes have been the subject of intense research in the last decade; plant nematodes that were reported to cause huge losses in the agricultural field among many of the economically influential crops with more than US80$ billion estimated annual cost. Heterodera and Globodera spp.), as well as root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) are among the most destructive plant parasitic nematodes due to their complex biotrophic parasitism and multiple developmental stages [1,2,3]. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 132 demolishing agents to the ozone layer. They were banned to avoid environmental and health disastrous effects. This raised the need for safe alternatives for pest control in both agriculture and forestry. Biological control featured a plausible and favorable solution where nematophagous fungi or their secondary metabolites were introduced to repel and destroy plant parasites [4,5]
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