Neoclassical radial current balance in tokamaks and transition to the H mode

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Monte Carlo ion simulation based on neoclassical radial current balance in a divertor tokamak gives a stationary sheared E-->xB--> flow. The neoclassical radial electric field E(r) shows no bifurcation in contrast with earlier orbit loss models, but the shear in E(r) reaches values at which a transition to enhanced confinement has been observed. Also, MHD turbulence analysis shows that a smooth transition can occur through the neoclassical E-->xB--> flow shear suppression. The parameter scaling of threshold temperature for strong turbulence shear suppression agrees with the H-mode threshold scaling in ASDEX Upgrade.