Abstract
Biosensors are essential tools which have been traditionally used to monitor environmental pollution and detect the presence of toxic elements and biohazardous bacteria or virus in organic matter and biomolecules for clinical diagnostics. In the last couple of decades, the scientific community has witnessed their widespread application in the fields of military, health care, industrial process control, environmental monitoring, food-quality control, and microbiology. Biosensor technology has greatly evolved from in vitro studies based on the biosensing ability of organic beings to the highly sophisticated world of nanofabrication-enabled miniaturized biosensors. The incorporation of nanotechnology in the vast field of biosensing has led to the development of novel sensors and sensing mechanisms, as well as an increase in the sensitivity and performance of the existing biosensors. Additionally, the nanoscale dimension further assists the development of sensors for rapid and simple detection in vivo as well as the ability to probe single biomolecules and obtain critical information for their detection and analysis. However, the major drawbacks of this include, but are not limited to, potential toxicities associated with the unavoidable release of nanoparticles into the environment, miniaturization-induced unreliability, lack of automation, and difficulty of integrating the nanostructured-based biosensors, as well as unreliable transduction signals from these devices. Although the field of biosensors is vast, we intend to explore various nanotechnology-enabled biosensors as part of this review article and provide a brief description of their fundamental working principles and potential applications. The article aims to provide the reader a holistic overview of different nanostructures which have been used for biosensing purposes along with some specific applications in the field of cancer detection and the Internet of things (IoT), as well as a brief overview of machine-learning-based biosensing.
Highlights
The concept of biosensing is deeply embedded within most organic life forms, and from an evolutionary point of view, this has enabled them to survive harsh environments and predators
The advent of nanotechnology has undoubtedly aided the field of biosensors to reach new heights
Sensor parameters such as limit of detection, accuracy, and reliability have been shown to improve by incorporating nanomaterials/nanostructures for biosensing purposes
Summary
The concept of biosensing is deeply embedded within most organic life forms, and from an evolutionary point of view, this has enabled them to survive harsh environments and predators. It is structured in a manner similar to that of a textbook, with individual sections providing a complete review of a certain nanostructure, including sensor parameters and some recent examples from the literature This allows the reader to form a simple yet broad understanding of the basic concepts and applications of commonly used nano-biosensors. The following sections of this review article will provide an overview of existing nano-biosensors along with their fundamental working principles and certain applications of such devices in varied biological fields. We provide a discussion of the impact nano-biosensors have had on the field of cancer research and low-power sensors for the Internet of things, including future prospects of this technology. A brief review of machine-learning-based biosensors is provided to conclude the review
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