N self-doped ZnO derived from microwave hydrothermal synthesized zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 toward enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

Abstract

The precursor particles were successfully prepared by a facile microwave hydrothermal method. Compared with solvothermal and precipitation method, microwave hydrothermal method can greatly shorten the reaction time and increase the product yields. Nitrogen (N) doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were derived via one-step controllable pyrolysis of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (Zif-8) precursors under 550 °C. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, elemental mapping image, energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis proved that Zif-8 particles were converted to ZnO and the N atoms were successfully doped into ZnO lattice. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results demonstrated that N doped ZnO retained the morphology of Zif-8 with a particle size of approximately ~70 nm and the UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–vis DRS) showed that the as-prepared N doped ZnO possessed a lower band gap (3.16 eV) than commercial ZnO (3.26 eV). The photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared samples were evaluated by the degradation rate of methylene blue (MB) upon irradiation with solar-simulated light. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of N doped ZnO was 95.3% after 80 min illumination, which was much higher than that of other samples prepared by other methods. Quenching tests proved that the photo-generated holes (h+) played a main role in the photodegradation of MB under solar-simulated light irradiation.