Morphology, DNA Phylogeny, and Pathogenicity of Wilsonomyces carpophilus Isolate Causing Shot-Hole Disease of Prunus divaricata and Prunus armeniaca in Wild-Fruit Forest of Western Tianshan Mountains, China

Shuanghua Ye,Rong Ma,Haiying Jia,Chengming Tian,Guifang Cai

doi:10.3390/f11030319

Shuanghua Ye, Rong Ma + Show 3 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/f11030319

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Abstract

Prunus divaricata and Prunus armeniaca are important wild fruit trees that grow in part of the Western Tianshan Mountains in Central Asia, and they have been listed as endangered species in China. Shot-hole disease of stone fruits has become a major threat in the wild-fruit forest of the Western Tianshan Mountains. Twenty-five isolates were selected from diseased P. divaricata and P. armeniaca. According to the morphological characteristics of the culture, the 25 isolates were divided into eight morphological groups. Conidia were spindle-shaped, with ovate apical cells and truncated basal cells, with the majority of conidia comprising 3–4 septa, and the conidia had the same shape and color in morphological groups. Based on morphological and cultural characteristics and multilocus analysis using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, partial large subunit (LSU) nuclear ribosomal RNA (nrRNA) gene, and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene, the fungus was identified as Wilsonomyces carpophilus. The 25 W. carpophilus isolates had high genetic diversity in phylogenetic analysis, and the morphological groups did not correspond to phylogenetic groups. The pathogenicity of all W. carpophilus isolates was confirmed by inoculating healthy P. divaricata and P. armeniaca leaves and fruits. The pathogen was re-isolated from all inoculated tissues, thereby fulfilling Koch’s postulates. There were no significant differences in the pathogenicity of different isolates inoculated on P. armeniaca and P. divaricata leaves (p > 0.05). On fruit, G053 7m3 and G052 5m2 showed significant differences in inoculation on P. armeniaca, and G010 5m2 showed extremely significant differences with G004 7m2 and G004 5m2 on P. divaricata (p < 0.05). This is the first report on shot-hole disease of P. armeniaca (wild apricot) leaves and P. divaricata induced by W. carpophilus in China.

Highlights

The Ili River Valley of the Western Tianshan Mountains is host to an important wild-fruit forest in Central Asia
Twenty trees were selected from each sample plot according to the five-point sampling method and four trees were randomly selected for investigation within a circular plot (r = 10 m), and each tree was divided into east, south, west, and north directions, and 30 leaves and 10 fruits in each direction were taken [29,30]
This study presents the first research on the serious shot-hole disease on P. divaricata and P

Summary

Introduction

The Ili River Valley of the Western Tianshan Mountains is host to an important wild-fruit forest in Central Asia. There are many types of cherry plums, collectively known to botanists as P. cerasifera Ehrh, which include horticultural and wild varieties. P. cerasifera Ehrh is usually used to refer to as the cultivated form of cherry plum, known as myrobalan plum [5]. P. divaricata is used to characterize the wild population of cherry plum, which is distributed mainly in the Tianshan Mountains of Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Turkmen Mountains, Pamir Alai, Asia Minor, and the Balkans [6]. In China, wild cherry plums are only distributed in Huocheng County, Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region [5]

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