A phylogenetic re-evaluation of Arthrinium.

Pedro W Crous,Johannes Z Groenewald

doi:10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.01.13

Abstract

Although the genus Arthrinium (sexual morph Apiospora) is commonly isolated as an endophyte from a range of substrates, and is extremely interesting for the pharmaceutical industry, its molecular phylogeny has never been resolved. Based on morphology and DNA sequence data of the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (LSU, 28S) and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 5.8S rRNA gene of the nrDNA operon, the genus Arthrinium is shown to belong to Apiosporaceae in Xylariales. Arthrinium is morphologically and phylogenetically circumscribed, and the sexual genus Apiospora treated as synonym on the basis that Arthinium is older, more commonly encountered, and more frequently used in literature. An epitype is designated for Arthrinium pterospermum, and several well-known species are redefined based on their morphology and sequence data of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF), beta-tubulin (TUB) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2) gene regions. Newly described are A. hydei on Bambusa tuldoides from Hong Kong, A. kogelbergense on dead culms of Restionaceae from South Africa, A. malaysianum on Macaranga hullettii from Malaysia, A. ovatum on Arundinaria hindsii from Hong Kong, A. phragmites on Phragmites australis from Italy, A. pseudospegazzinii on Macaranga hullettii from Malaysia, A. pseudosinense on bamboo from The Netherlands, and A. xenocordella from soil in Zimbabwe. Furthermore, the genera Pteroconium and Cordella are also reduced to synonymy, rejecting spore shape and the presence of setae as characters of generic significance separating them from Arthrinium.

Highlights

IntroductionThe genus Arthrinium (sexual morph Apiospora; Ellis 1971, Seifert et al 2011) is widespread and ecologically diverse
The genus Arthrinium is widespread and ecologically diverse
Colonies were subcultured onto potato-dextrose agar (PDA), oatmeal agar (OA), malt extract agar (MEA) (Crous et al 2009b), and pine needle agar (PNA) (Smith et al 1996), and incubated at 25 °C under continuous near-ultraviolet light to promote sporulation

Summary

Introduction

The genus Arthrinium (sexual morph Apiospora; Ellis 1971, Seifert et al 2011) is widespread and ecologically diverse. Arthrinium is ecologically diverse, and has been reported as a plant pathogen, with A. arundinis causing kernel blight of barley (Martínez-Cano et al 1992), and A. sacchari causing damping-off of wheat (Mavragani et al 2007). It is reported as an endophyte in plant tissue (Ramos et al 2010), lichens (He & Zhang 2012), and marine algae (Suryanarayanan 2012). An endophytic isolate of A. phaeospermum produces growthpromoting substances in Carex kobomugi, a plant surviving under extreme conditions on sand dunes in Korea (Khan et al 2009)

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Conclusion