Abstract
Motor neuron disease (MND) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, with nearly 50% of patients exhibiting cognitive and behavioral symptoms in addition to motor decline. Anxiety and depression, though frequently observed in this population, have been understudied in relation to motor and extra-motor profiles. Our study addresses this gap by validating the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for Motor Neuron Disease (HADS-MND) and investigating the interplay between mood, clincial, and frontotemporal symptoms in a large sample of MND patients. A total of 249 MND patients underwent clinical, genetic, and neuropsychological assessments. The validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of the HADS-MND global score and subscores were explored. Correlation analyses and group comparisons tested the link between mood, motor and extra-motor profiles. The bidirectional structure of the HADS-MND was confirmed, but receiver operating characteristics analysis suggests caution for clinical use of the anxiety and depression subscales. The global HADS-MND score is recommended as a measure of psychological distress, with a cut-off point of 10 detecting 38% of patients with altered scores. Moderate symptoms of anxiety and depression were present in 14% and 11% of cases, respectively. Depressive mood was higher in women, patients with frontotemporal symptoms, and severe motor-functional disabilities. Depressive and/or anxiety symptoms were linked to loneliness, behavioral changes, emotional dysregulation, and poor quality of life. Cognitive efficiency was not associated with mood. Mood disorders appeared independent of cognitive profiles but related to behavioral changes. This is particularly relevant for clinicians discussing end-of-life decisions with patients.
Published Version
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