Abstract
<p>In order to track changes in developments and the degree of insecticide resistance, some common insecticides used to control <em>T. absoluta</em> in Egyptian fields were examined for seasonal variations in resistance. Tests were designed and tested for a few years at various field sample and greenhouse locations. Ten pesticides were selected for testing, and insects were sampled from eight agricultural fields for the laboratory bioassay. The identification and measurement of resistance in various field populations, seasons, and greenhouses revealed that insects were highly vulnerable to the IGR insecticide tested and only mildly susceptible to OP, Py, carbamate, and nicotinoids. Kalubia and Menufia showed more resistance in terms of both distribution and intensity than Dakahlia, Sharkia, and Giza, which showed lower resistance levels, possibly due to less effective insecticide applications. However, lufenuron was the most effective insecticide, followed by chlorfenapyr (IGRs), methoxyfenzoid, chlorfluazuron, indoxacarb, imidacloprid, cypermethrin, and chlorpyrifos. Dimethoate and spinoteram were the least effective insecticides.</p>
Published Version
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