Abstract
The Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion (SNWD) Project,known as one of the greatest hydraulic projects of China, undertakes most of domestic and industrial water use in the Beijing–Tianjin area, as well as a part of ecological water use. The whole canal should be monitored to ensure a continuous water supply for water-receiving areas. Compared with traditional ground-based monitoring tools limited by the low distribution density, intensive labor force, and huge cost, the satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) with wide coverage, high-frequency revisiting, and low cost is more suitable for monitoring large-scale infrastructures. In this study, we employed the Sentinel-1 data to monitor the canal of the Middle Route of the SNWD Project within Henan Province. The deformation rates along the canal were obtained by using persistent scatterer InSAR, from which a total of 20 deformed canal sections and seven suspected deformed canal sections were identified. Among them, the Shahe aqueduct is overall stable except for the Shahe Beam Aqueduct and Lushanpo Landing Aqueduct. The Yuzhou-Changge canal passes through a subsidence funnel with a maximum deformation rate of about –20 mm/year. The InSAR-derived deformation coincides well with the <i>in-situ</i> leveling measurements over the Yuzhou-Changge canal. Their correlation is 0.95 and the root mean square error of their differences is 2.41 mm/year. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of satellite InSAR for monitoring large-scale hydraulic engineering. It can be combined with ground leveling to achieve overall investigations and detailed monitoring, largely improving the efficiency and cost of the current ground monitoring system.
Highlights
IN the past few decades, the North China Plain has suffered from severe water shortages because of poor spatial allocation of water resources, low precipitation, and high water demands for households, agriculture, and industry [1,2,3,4]
The South-to-North Water Diversion (SNWD) project consists of three routes: the Eastern Route Project (ERP), the Middle Route Project (MRP), and the Western Route Project (WRP), with a total length of 3797 km [5],[6]
The InSAR results were validated against the leveling measurements
Summary
IN the past few decades, the North China Plain has suffered from severe water shortages because of poor spatial allocation of water resources, low precipitation, and high water demands for households, agriculture, and industry [1,2,3,4]. The MRP project starts from the Danjiangkou Reservoir and goes north along the western margin of the North China Plain to Beijing and Tianjin. Since its operation in December 2014, the average annual water transfer volume is about 9.5 billion m3, greatly improving the water depletion in North China Plain [7],[8]. To ensure long-term normal operation and uninterrupted water supply, it is crucial to conduct safety monitoring of the MRP canal, among which the surface deformation is an important part. The administration bureau of the MRP project has set up a leveling network to monitor the canal and associated infrastructures with constant time intervals. Since the sparse leveling benchmarks are only distributed along the canal, we cannot judge whether the deformation is happening on embankments or is caused by surrounding geological hazards. It is hard to collect and manage the massive measurement data from many canal sections that
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