Modification of DNA by Genetic Engineering

Abstract

Abstract: Genetic engineering modifies a living organism's DNA in a lab. Altering a single DNA base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting or inserting DNA, or employing all three approaches together may accomplish this purpose. Inserting a gene with a desired characteristic into a separate species' genome is one use of genetic engineering. Genetic modification has been utilized to develop cancer drugs, brewing yeasts, GM crops and animals, and other commercial and scientific items. Probe tests on genomic DNA and RNA can identify certain sequences. Short DNA probes may be detected using radioactive or fluorescent reagents. Gel electrophoresis separates different-sized nucleic acid fragments. Blotting transfers gel particles to nylon membranes. Radioactive or fluorescent probe sequences may identify trans-membrane nucleic acid components. Southern blotting transfers DNA to a nylon membrane, whereas northern blotting transfers RNA. Northern blots identify gene expression, whereas southern blots examine nucleotide patterns. Below is a reversed gel electrophoresis image. Gel electrophoresis shows the band is concentrated in two locations. After PCR amplification, the snapshot was taken. The band suggests a substantial quantity of plasmid DNA in the sample. The outside area also has a few more distinct bands. This means the bands are localized and accumulation is lesser.