Abstract
The Sentinel-1 constellation provides an effective new radar instrument with a short revisit time of six days for the monitoring of intensive mining surface deformations. Our goal is to investigate in detail and to bring new comprehension of the mine life cycle. The dynamics of mining, especially in the case of horizontally evolving longwall technology, exhibit rapid surface changes. We use the classical approach of differential radar interferometry (DInSAR) with short temporal baselines (six days), which results in deformation maps with a low decorrelation between the satellite images. For the same time intervals, we compare the radar results with prediction models based on the Knothe–Budryk theory for mining subsidence. The validation of the results with ground levelling measurements reveals a high level of resemblance of the DInSAR subsidence maps (−0.04 m bias with respect to the levelling). On the other hand, aside from the explicable exaggeration, the location of the subsidence trough needs improvement in the forecasted deformations (0.2 km shift in location, a deformation velocity four times higher than in DInSAR). In addition, a time lag between DInSAR (compatible with extraction) and prediction is revealed. The model improvement can be achieved by including the DInSAR results in the elaboration of the model parameters.
Highlights
Infrastructure monitoring is performed using geodetic techniques such as precise levelling, tachymetry, and extended long-term observations of static Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations [1,2,3]
To reduce the signal delay, different approaches may be performed, but the most preferable approach is by applying a weather model based on the information from global atmospheric models [40], models generated from GNSS observations [41], models that integrate both the weather forecast and GNSS tropospheric delay estimations [42], or spectrometer observations by systems like the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) on-board the Envisat satellite or the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on-board the Terra and Aqua satellites [43]
The current study revealed the uncertainties in time factor determination and further study will be conducted taking into account the Differential InSAR (DInSAR) results
Summary
Infrastructure monitoring is performed using geodetic techniques such as precise levelling, tachymetry, and extended long-term observations of static Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations [1,2,3]. All these techniques are precise, but they are cost-consuming and provide data for a sparse network of points. The Interferometric SAR (InSAR) technique uses two radar images generated at the same time from different positions or from almost the same position but in two separate moments in order to generate an interferogram of terrain elevation. The deformation of the Earth’s surface can be observed by a comparison of two interferograms that comprise the time span of terrain change. The technique is known as Differential InSAR (DInSAR) and was demonstrated for the first time in 1993 in the domain of terrain deformation [4]
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