Abstract
Simple SummaryIt is possible to increase performance of grazing dairy cows while decreasing their environmental impact through incorporating high-quality pasture species that synthesize high bioactive compounds in diverse pastures. In this study, cows grazed combination of simple pastures containing perennial ryegrass and white clover or diverse pastures containing forbs known to contain bioactive compounds that can reduce methane emissions and nitrate leaching soils. The two types of pastures were grown either as mixed or spatially separated in adjacent strips. Our study indicated that spatial separation had little impact on cows’ performance, but pastures containing diverse plant species improved the production of protein and lactose in milk and reduced environmental impact, specifically by improving nitrogen utilization of cows and reducing the emission of methane per amount of feed eaten by the cows.Increasing pasture diversity and spatially separated sowing arrangements can potentially increase the dry matter intake of high-quality forages leading to improved animal production. This study investigated the effects of simple (two-species) and diverse (six-species) pastures planted either in mixed or spatially separated adjacent pasture strips on performance, N partitioning, and methane emission of dairy cows. Thirty-six mid-lactation Jersey cows grazed either (1) simple mixed, (2) simple spatially separated, (3) diverse mixed, or (4) diverse spatially separated pastures planted in a complete randomized block design with three replicates. Compared to simple pasture, diverse pasture had lower CP content but higher condensed tannins and total phenolic compounds with an overall positive effect on yield of milk solids, nitrogen utilization, including a reduction of N output from urine, and methane yields per dry matter eaten. The spatial separation increased legume and CP content in simple pasture but decreased NDF in both diverse and simple pastures. In conclusion, increasing diversity using pasture species with higher nutritive value and secondary compounds can help improving the production while decreasing the environmental effect of dairy farming, while spatial separation had a minor effect on feed intake and yield, possibly due to overall high-quality pastures in early spring.
Highlights
Sustainable intensification in dairy farming is becoming increasingly important from economic viability, environmental health, and food security standpoints [1]
DM intake (DMI) of cows ranged from 14.8 to 16.1 kg/cow/day, but neither pasture diversity (p = 0.73) nor spatial separation (p = 0.69) had a significant effect on DMI or on DMI corrected by BW
The current study confirmed that increasing pasture diversity and spatial separation of pasture species in adjacent plots increase the proportion of desirable pasture species in the pasture on offer
Summary
Sustainable intensification in dairy farming is becoming increasingly important from economic viability, environmental health, and food security standpoints [1]. Providing high-quality pastures to grazing cows is pivotal to achieve high production efficiency in pasture-based dairy farming. Maintaining high forage production and quality in grass dominated pastures often requires intensive management and applications of P and N fertilizers at high rates. The N content of pastures often exceeds the requirements of grazing animals, leading to low N use efficiency [3,4]. Excess N intake by grazing cows predominantly (75–85%) is excreted in the form of urea in urine [5]. In addition to the metabolic cost of producing urea, the excretion of excess N in urine causes increased N2 O emissions and NO3 leaching from pastures [6]
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