Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging, merging high spatial resolution and deep tissue penetration, holds promise for biomedical applications, particularly cancer diagnosis. The effectiveness of PA imaging heavily relies on the use of contrast agents that enhance the PA signal. However, the efficient preparation of targeted PA contrast agents remains a challenge. Here, we report the development of microfluidic-enabled aptamer-modified liposomal probes for targeted transient triplet differential (TTD) PA imaging. Utilizing projection micro stereolithography (PµSL) 3D printing, we fabricated cost-effective microfluidic chips for the rapid synthesis of methylene blue (MB)-loaded anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 (anti-PDL1) aptamer-modified liposomes (Apt-MB-Lip). We conducted the TTD-PA imaging of Apt-MB-Lip to improve imaging sensitivity by reducing background noise. In vivo TTD-PA experiments demonstrated the superior targeting ability and sustained presence of the Apt-MB-Lip in tumors. Our findings underscore the potential of these targeted probes for advanced diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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