Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and celiac disease (CD) are both autoimmune diseases with increasing global prevalence. These two diseases have been connected based on similar HLA mutations, serological markers, rheumatological, and gastrointestinal manifestations. In this review, we discuss the role of the oral and gut microbiome in the development and progression of RA and CD. Here, we highlight similar microbial dysbiosis and how these alterations in composition can lead to worsening disease severity in both CD and RA. Additionally, we analyze the role of probiotics in regulating the microbiome and improving symptoms associated with RA and CD.
Highlights
BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that can manifest clinically as symmetrical joint damage, limited range of motion, and swelling [1]
We analyze the role of probiotics in regulating the microbiome and improving symptoms associated with RA and celiac disease (CD)
The microbiome is an essential immune modulator, and its dysbiosis is thought to result in a negative impact on health
Summary
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that can manifest clinically as symmetrical joint damage, limited range of motion, and swelling [1]. ACPA: anti-citrullinated protein antibodies; RF: rheumatoid factor; HLA: human leukocyte antigen; tTg: tissue transglutaminase; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; CMV: cytomegalovirus; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; CD: celiac disease. A. actinomycetemcomitans is involved in hypercitrullination in host neutrophils, inducing an immune reaction in RA patients [21], and A. geminatus, was correlated with ACPA/rheumatoid factor (RF) presence in RA patients with PD [22] Another organism, capable of producing large amounts of citrulline, Cryptobacterium curtum, emerged as a robust discriminant of the oral microbiome in individuals with RA without PD [23]. This probiotic combination was able to alter the production of acetic acid and total short-chain fatty acids and played a role in stimulating the restoration of the microbiome [44]
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