Metastable states, relaxation and failure mechanisms in condensed matter with defects

Abstract

The article is concerned with experimental studies of anomalous momentum transfer mechanisms in condensed matter exhibiting multiple defect-induced gaped momentum states. The performed experiments revealed the relationship between the metastable states, the specific critical phenomena in condensed matter with defects, the structural-scaling transitions, and the mechanisms of structural relaxation disclosing viscosity anomalies in solids and liquids due to the strong interactions between the structure constituents. The possibility of these mechanisms under intensive loading including turbulence was substantiated in Naimark (1998), Naimark (1997), Naimark (2004). The established regularities of criticality in the behavior of condensed matter with mesoscopic defects made it possible to study the thermodynamics and kinetics of the nonlinear liquid and solid systems exhibiting the metastable states, and to provide an explanation of the anomalous mechanisms of momentum transfer in systems with "strong interaction." Anomalous momentum transfer mechanisms are associated with the subjection of the dynamics of condensed matter to the established types of collective modes in ensembles of defects (breathers, autosolitons, dissipative blow-up structures) manifesting the character of self-similar solutions. The subordination of dynamics to collective modes is accompanied by a sharp increase in the effective relaxation times and absorption anomalies. The theoretical results are confirmed by the experimental data on the formation of self-similar (quasi-plastic) fronts in liquids and the attainment of viscosity asymptotics due to initiation of fracture waves under shock-wave loading of fused quartz (Naimark (2003), Naimark (2010)).