Abstract
Spent brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces sp.), the second most generated by-product from the brewing industry, contains bioactive and nutritional compounds with high added value such as proteins (40–50%), polysaccharides, fibers and vitamins. Molecules of interest from agro-industrial by-products need to be extracted, separated, concentrated, and/or purified so that a minimum purity level is achieved, allowing its application. Enzymatic hydrolysis has been successfully used in the production of peptides and protein hydrolysates. The obtained hydrolysates require efficient downstream processes such as membrane technology, which is an important tool for the recovery of thermolabile and sensitive compounds from complex mixtures, with low energy consumption and high specificity. The integration of membrane techniques that promote the separation through sieving and charge-based mechanisms is of great interest to improve the purity of the recovered fractions. This review is specifically addressed to the application of membrane technologies for the recovery of peptides from yeast protein hydrolysates. Fundamental concepts and practical aspects relative to the ultrafiltration of agro-industrial protein hydrolysates will be described. Challenges and perspectives involving the recovery of peptides from yeast protein hydrolysates will be presented and thoroughly discussed.
Highlights
Membrane separation technologies have been successfully applied and can be considered to be an integral part of the downstream processing of agro-industrial, food, pharmaceutical and biotechnological products
Associated costs of producing peptides from electrodialysis combined with UF membranes (EDUF) technologies was reported to range from 0.3 to 0.5 Canadian dollars per gram of peptides for an effective filtration area of 10 m2 [47]. These results indicate the potential of this technology in the field of recovery of peptides from by-products, but competitive evaluation was not done because the cost of peptide recovery using other separation techniques was not yet reported to our best knowledge
The coherent application of membrane separation technologies on the recovery of value-added compounds such as bioactive peptides from agro-industrial and biotechnological by-products depends on the development of integrated processes adapted to the specificities of those materials
Summary
Membrane separation technologies have been successfully applied and can be considered to be an integral part of the downstream processing of agro-industrial, food, pharmaceutical and biotechnological products. Membrane separation technology has been used to fractionate and concentrate protein hydrolysates of by-products with biological and functional properties [15,20,21,22], including SBY peptides [9,16,23]. The design of an efficient fractionation process for peptide mixtures from complex by-products requires knowledge of: (1) target peptide or protein fraction properties (amino acid sequence, mass ratio, isoelectric point, hydrophobicity, bioactive properties), (2) rigorous characterization of feed composition and sensitivity of feed components to processing conditions and (3) presence of main contaminants that may need to be separated from the target protein fractions [3]
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