Abstract
Calcium phosphate ceramic materials are extensively used for bone replacement and regeneration in orthopedic, dental, and maxillofacial surgical applications. In order for these biomaterials to work effectively it is imperative that they undergo the process of degradation and resorption in vivo. This allows for the space to be created for the new bone tissue to form and infiltrate within the implanted graft material. Several factors affect the biodegradation and resorption of calcium phosphate materials after implantation. Various cell types are involved in the degradation process by phagocytic mechanisms (monocytes/macrophages, fibroblasts, osteoblasts) or via an acidic mechanism to reduce the micro-environmental pH which results in demineralization of the cement matrix and resorption via osteoclasts. These cells exert their degradation effects directly or indirectly through the cytokine growth factor secretion and their sensitivity and response to these biomolecules. This article discusses the mechanisms of calcium phosphate material degradation in vivo.
Highlights
Calcium phosphate (CaP) cements are used as bone replacement materials and by composition are classified into (i) apatite cements; (ii) apatite-forming cements; and (iii) dicalcium phosphate dihydrate cements [1]
Sr-substituted biphasic calcium phosphate material has an effect on the production of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by human monocytes [82]
The degradability and resorption of CaP based biomaterials is not exempt from these requirements if they are to be used with success in clinical situations
Summary
Calcium phosphate (CaP) cements are used as bone replacement materials and by composition are classified into (i) apatite cements; (ii) apatite-forming cements; and (iii) dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (brushite) cements [1]. AAfftteerr iimmppllaannttaattiioonn,, bbiiooddeeggrraaddaattiioonn iiss ccrriittiiccaall aass tthhiiss aalllloowwss ffoorr tthhee ssppaaccee ttoo bbee ffoorrmmeedd iinnttoo wwhhiicchh tthhee bboonnee aanndd vvaassccuullaarr ttiissssuueess ccaann ggrrooww.. CaP resorption (phagocytosis by macrophages) is due to the particle formation as a result of disintegration.
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