Malaria burden and residual transmission: two thirds of mosquito bites may not be preventable with current vector control tools on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea

Abstract

This study assesses exposure to malaria vector mosquitos that is non-preventable through use of nets, the contribution of outdoor and indoor biting towards residual vector exposure, and the risk factors for being bitten and for being infected with malaria parasites on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Human behaviour and malaria infection data were collected from 13,735 randomly selected residents during cross-sectional surveys, concomitantly with entomological human landing catches, indoors and outdoors, in 20 locations on the Island. Self-reported time of going indoors, going to bed and whether using a net were analysed to impute for each respondent the number of bites received outdoors and indoors during the night before the survey. On average, each person received 2.7 (95% CI 2.6 to 2.8) bites per night outdoors, 8.5 (8.3 to 8.7) bites indoors if not using a net, and 4.7 (4.5 to 4.8) bites indoors if using a net. Malaria infection was associated with more bites, regardless of whether received indoors or outdoors. Older age, male gender, not using a net, rural location and going indoors later increased the risk of being bitten. The proportion of bites not averted by using a net was estimated as 66% (61 to 71). A large proportion of biting, mostly indoors, may not be preventable by LLINs. Tools targeting indoor biting should be prioritised in Bioko. Novel vector control tools are urgently needed to reduce overall exposure to mosquito bites.