Abstract
Cancer is currently a leading cause of death worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates an increase of 60% in the global cancer incidence in the next two decades. The inefficiency of the currently available therapies has prompted an urgent effort to develop new strategies that enable early diagnosis and improve response to treatment. Nanomedicine formulations can improve the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of conventional therapies and result in optimized cancer treatments. In particular, theranostic formulations aim at addressing the high heterogeneity of tumors and metastases by integrating imaging properties that enable a non-invasive and quantitative assessment of tumor targeting efficiency, drug delivery, and eventually the monitoring of the response to treatment. However, in order to exploit their full potential, the promising results observed in preclinical stages need to achieve clinical translation. Despite the significant number of available functionalization strategies, targeting efficiency is currently one of the major limitations of advanced nanomedicines in the oncology area, highlighting the need for more efficient nanoformulation designs that provide them with selectivity for precise cancer types and tumoral tissue. Under this current need, this review provides an overview of the strategies currently applied in the cancer theranostics field using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), where both nanocarriers have recently entered the clinical trials stage. The integration of these formulations into magnetic solid lipid nanoparticles—with different composition and phenotypic activity—constitutes a new generation of theranostic nanomedicines with great potential for the selective, controlled, and safe delivery of chemotherapy.
Highlights
Cancer is a malignant disease involving uncontrolled and rapid growth of aberrant and nonfunctional cells as a result of epigenetic and genetic modifications
magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and SLNs, alone or in combination, to yield magnetic solid lipid nanoparticles at the cellular and molecular level [25,26] allow MNPs to be employed as drug delivery, where we highlight their performance and potential application in diagnosis, systems [28,29], magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancers [30], and hyperthermia drug delivery, other therapeutic inducers [31] for and the treatment of cancer. approaches such as magnetic hyperthermia and theranostics
The results showed that only the 4DAB, 4-aminobenzoic acid (4ABA), 34DABA, and 4ABA-terephthalic acid (TA)-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) presented higher magnetization values than free SPIONS
Summary
Cancer is a malignant disease involving uncontrolled and rapid growth of aberrant and nonfunctional cells as a result of epigenetic and genetic modifications. Several research fields are focused on finding anticancer drugs that achieve a selective phenotypic cytotoxic effect on cancer cells These should, at the same time, stop or slow down tumor growth whilst being less toxic (or ideally innocuous) to healthy tissues [5]. They are currently being applied as drug delivery systems (DDS), sensors, and tissue engineering catalyzers, amongst others [18] Due to their unique physical and optical properties and chemical stability, nanoparticles can grant selectivity to drugs for specific body/organ/tissue targeting and even for individual recognition and targeting of single cancer cells [15,19]. Those approved by the U.S FDA and European Medicines Agency (EMA) [21] include: Abraxane [22], Doxil [23], and Patisiran/ONPATTRO [24] These formulations respond to the need for creating new systems that efficiently improve drug selectivity and delivery and that help promote an accurate and safer treatment of cancer
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