Abstract
In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have shown how the physicochemical and biological properties of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) work in bone regeneration. This study aimed to improve the properties of β-TCP by achieving optimum surface and bulk β-TCP chemical/physical properties through the hydrothermal addition of magnesium (Mg) and to later establish the biocompatibility of β-TCP/Mg for bone grafting and tissue engineering treatments. Multiple in vitro and in vivo analyses were used to complete β-TCP/Mg physicochemical and biological characterization. The addition of MgO brought about a modest rise in the number of β-TCP surface particles, indicating improvements in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity on day 21 (p < 0.05) and in the WST-1assay on all days (p < 0.05), with a corresponding increase in the upregulation of ALP and bone sialoprotein. SEM analyses stated that the surfaces of the β-TCP particles were not altered after the addition of Mg. Micro-CT and histomorphometric analysis from rabbit calvaria critical defects resulted in β-TCP/Mg managing to reform more new bone than the control defects and β-TCP control at 2, 6, and 8 weeks (* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, and **** p ≤ 0.0001). The hydrothermal addition of MgO to the β-TCP surfaces ameliorated its biocompatibility without altering its surface roughness resulting from the elemental composition while enhancing cell viability and proliferation, inducing more bone regeneration by osteoconduction in vivo and osteoblastic differentiation in vitro.
Highlights
In the dental field, the treatment of pathological conditions such as periodontitis, traumatisms, and oral cancer can lead to different types of bone defects
The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) results show that the β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)/Mg particles exhibited Mg on their surfaces
Formly distributed on the β-TCP/Mg surface while maintaining a 19.7 wt% P and slightly inferior 35.9 wt% Ca compared to the 20.8 wt% P and 39.2 wt% Ca found in the control
Summary
The treatment of pathological conditions such as periodontitis, traumatisms, and oral cancer can lead to different types of bone defects. Oral cancer is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide [2].root fractures are responsible for only 0.5%–0.7% of all dentoalveolar cases in permanent dentition and are frequently accompanied by fractures of the alveolar bone. The restoration of these anterior dental traumas in young adults can be complex [3]. Β-TCP is used in a range of bone surgeries in dentistry and medical orthopedics [7,8,9]
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