Abstract
A major number of studies have demonstrated Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) biocompatibility, bioactivity, and osteoconductivity characteristics in bone regeneration. The aim of this research was to enhance β-TCP's biocompatibility, and evaluate its physicochemical properties by argon glow discharge plasma (GDP) plasma surface treatment without modifying its surface. Treated β-TCP was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterization. To evaluate treated β-TCP biocompatibility and osteoblastic differentiation, water-soluble tetrazolium salts-1 (WST-1), immunofluorescence, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) were done using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The results indicated a slight enhancement of the β-TCP by GDP sputtering, which resulted in a higher Ca/P ratio (2.05) than the control. Furthermore, when compared with control β-TCP, we observed an improvement of WST-1 on all days (p < 0.05) as well as of ALP activity (day 7, p < 0.05), with up-regulation of ALP, osteocalcin, and Osteoprotegerin osteogenic genes in cells cultured with the treated β-TCP. XPS and SEM results indicated that treated β-TCP’s surface was not modified. In vivo, micro-computed tomography and histomorphometric analysis indicated that the β-TCP test managed to regenerate more new bone than the untreated β-TCP and control defects at 8 weeks (p < 0.05). Argon GDP treatment is a viable method for removing macro and micro particles of < 7 μm in size from β-TCP bigger particles surfaces and therefore improving its biocompatibility with slight surface roughness modification, enhancing hMSCs proliferation, osteoblastic differentiation, and stimulating more new bone formation.
Highlights
A major number of studies have demonstrated Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) biocompatibility, bioactivity, and osteoconductivity characteristics in bone regeneration
CatK doubled in cells cultured with β-TCP control and β-TCP test media as compared with those cultured with the control media after 7 days. These results indicated that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) mainly indicated osteogenic differentiation expressing a mixture of early and mature osteoblasts after 7 days; at the same time, there was a minimum differentiation in Osteoclastogenesis from some cells
The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) results indicated that the proliferation of hMSCs was substantially higher in argon plasma treated β-TCP than β-TCP control
Summary
A major number of studies have demonstrated Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) biocompatibility, bioactivity, and osteoconductivity characteristics in bone regeneration. Argon GDP treatment is a viable method for removing macro and micro particles of < 7 μm in size from β-TCP bigger particles surfaces and improving its biocompatibility with slight surface roughness modification, enhancing hMSCs proliferation, osteoblastic differentiation, and stimulating more new bone formation. Researchers have developed a pure-phase beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) alternative to patient’s own tissue This material is highly biocompatible and bioresorbable and facilitates new bone formation. A previous research investigated the effect of β-TCP combined with a limited amount of particulate autogenous bone, mixed in equal ratios, in newly bone regeneration procedure after maxillary sinus a ugmentation[4] These studies did not find any difference between the use of autogenous bone alone or in combination with β-TCP when measuring new bone while clinically reducing donor-site m orbidity[4]. In cases of mass production, simple line productions are valuable due to commercial reasons
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