Abstract
A low-temperature (90 °C) and directly grown anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocrystalline film using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) for perovskite solar cell and gas sensor applications. TiO2 nanocrystalline electron transfer layer (ETL) improves the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells due to faster charge transport kinetics as well as slower charge recombination process. The optimized TiO2 nanocrystalline ETL (15 L) demonstrates as high as ~10% PCE with a short circuit current density of 18.0 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage of 0.81 V and fill factor of 66.3% in perovskite solar cells. Furthermore, room-temperature ammonia sensing characteristics of TiO2 nanocrystalline film (25 L) were demonstrated for various concentration levels of ammonia in dry air conditions. A high room-temperature response of 80% was achieved at 100 ppm of ammonia with rapid response and recovery signatures of 30 and 85 s, and nearly fifteen days stability, respectively. The response of the sensor to other gases such as formaldehyde, petrol, ethanol acetone, and ammonia etc, indicated a high selectivity towards volatile organic compounds of ammonia gas. The room temperature operation, with high selectivity, repeatability and fast transition times, suggests potentially useful in flexible and cost-effective production in optoelectrochemical device technology.
Highlights
A low-temperature (90 °C) and directly grown anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocrystalline film using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) for perovskite solar cell and gas sensor applications
These methods are being undertaken to direct synthesize TiO2 nanocrystalline films on conducting/ non-conducting substrates for both perovskite solar cell and gas sensor applications
In spite of its simplicity, SILAR has a number of advantages: unlike physical technique, SILAR does not require high quality target and/or substrate nor it does require vacuum at any stage; the deposition rate and the thickness of the film can be controlled over a wide range by changing the deposition cycles; there are virtually no restrictions on substrate material, dimensions or its surface profile; it is convenient for large area direct deposition, which helps to enhance interconnection and adherence of film with superior properties[19]
Summary
Great number of methods developed in literature for the preparation of TiO2 nanocrystalline films containing nanowires[9], nanotubes[10], nanorods[11], and hollow microspheres[12], etc., morphologies included spray pyrolysis[13], sol-gel[14], wet chemical[15], electrodeposition[16], magnetron sputtering[17], and chemical vapor deposition[18], etc. These methods are being undertaken to direct synthesize TiO2 nanocrystalline films on conducting/ non-conducting substrates for both perovskite solar cell and gas sensor applications.
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