Abstract
With the rapid promotion of renewable energy technologies and the trend to a low-carbon society, the positive impacts of an integrated energy system that realizes various forms of energy-utilizing improvement and carbon reduction have fully emerged. Hydrogen with a decarbonized characteristic being integrated into the integrated energy system has become a viable option to offset the intermittency of renewables and decline the fossil fuel usage. An optimal planning model of a wind–photovoltaic–hydrogen storage-integrated energy system with the objective of total economic and environmental cost minimization by considering various energy technology investments is proposed. Case studies are developed to compare the economic and environmental benefits of different energy investment scenarios, especially hydrogen applications. The cost–benefit analysis was carried out to prove that hydrogen investment is not a cost-competitive option but can alleviate the burden of carbon emissions somehow. Finally, sensitivity analysis of key parameters of sale capacity, carbon tax, and renewable penetration level was performed to indicate the rational investment for a wind–photovoltaic–hydrogen storage-integrated energy system.
Highlights
In recent years, from facing the reality of shortage in fossil energy resources and severe pollution in the natural environment, it is urgently needed to introduce an entirely new mode of energy consumption for utilization improvements and carbon reductions
The result comparison between scenarios #2 and #3 indicates that though the higher initial investment cost occurred with the wind turbine (WT) installation, the annualized total cost still dropped
Scenarios #3 and #4 are attempted to compare what effects can be brought from the hydrogen energy system
Summary
From facing the reality of shortage in fossil energy resources and severe pollution in the natural environment, it is urgently needed to introduce an entirely new mode of energy consumption for utilization improvements and carbon reductions. The above research studies tended to put effort in sizing the capacity and analyzing how different forms of energy sources can work coordinately, while the economic factor was shown in the form of total annual cost When it comes to considering all costs of a product with a long lifespan and/or with relatively high operating costs, assessing the economic benefits throughout the system’s lifetime is a more precise key factor to the whole project as it tells when the money will be paid back during the limited project lifetime after investing in IES projects. (1) An optimal planning model of wind–photovoltaic–hydrogen storage-integrated energy system, involving the capital and operation characteristics of PV, WT, BESS, CHP, and hydrogen energy systems, is proposed for fully analyzing the cost and benefit from the life cycle perspective. (3) Sensitivity analysis is conducted to reveal the different parameters ranging from sale capacity to grid, carbon tax prices, and renewable penetration level on the whole integrated energy system optimal planning, providing multi-scale perspectives for wind–photovoltaic–hydrogen storage-integrated energy system investment.
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