Leveraging advanced AI algorithms with transformer-infused recurrent neural networks to optimize solar irradiance forecasting

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Solar energy (SE) is vital for renewable energy generation, but its natural fluctuations present difficulties in maintaining grid stability and planning. Accurate forecasting of solar irradiance (SI) is essential to address these challenges. The current research presents an innovative forecasting approach named as Transformer-Infused Recurrent Neural Network (TIR) model. This model integrates a Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network for encoding and a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) network for decoding, incorporating attention mechanisms and positional encoding. This model is proposed to enhance SI forecasting accuracy by effectively utilizing meteorological weather data, handling overfitting, and managing data outliers and data complexity. To evaluate the model’s performance, a comprehensive comparative analysis is conducted, involving five algorithms: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), BiLSTM, GRU, hybrid BiLSTM-GRU, and Transformer models. The findings indicate that employing the TIR model leads to superior accuracy in the analyzed area, achieving R2 value of 0.9983, RMSE of 0.0140, and MAE of 0.0092. This performance surpasses those of the alternative models studied. The integration of BiLSTM and GRU algorithms with the attention mechanism and positional encoding has been optimized to enhance the forecasting of SI. This approach mitigates computational dependencies and minimizes the error terms within the model.