Abstract
Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are very complex and their all functions have yet to be fully clarified. Noncoding genes (noncoding RNA, sequences, and pseudogenes) comprise 67% of all genes and they are represented by housekeeping noncoding RNAs (transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)) that are engaged in basic cellular processes and by regulatory noncoding RNA (short and long noncoding RNA (ncRNA)) that are important for gene expression/transcript stability. In this review, we summarize data concerning the significance of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in metabolic syndrome related disorders, focusing on adipose tissue and pancreatic islands.
Highlights
Recent genome-wide transcriptome studies have revealed that the majority of the mammalian genome is transcribed, thereby giving rise to a range of coding and noncoding Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) transcripts [1]
We summarize data concerning the significance of long noncoding RNAs in metabolic syndrome related disorders, focusing on adipose tissue and pancreatic islands
Short ncRNAs are represented by microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, and Piwi-associated RNAs, and, in few cases, by antisense RNAs and enhancer RNAs
Summary
Recent genome-wide transcriptome studies have revealed that the majority of the mammalian genome is transcribed, thereby giving rise to a range of coding and noncoding RNA (ncRNA) transcripts [1]. LncRNAs were characterized as transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides with some features typical for protein-coding mRNA They are transcribed by RNA-polymerase (Pol) II [5], capped on the 5 end, polyadenylated, and commonly expressed as alternatively spliced variants. In contrast to mRNA, lncRNAs usually contain intron/exon structure, they are expressed at lower levels, often in a tissue-specific manner, and their sequence is poorly evolutionary conserved [6]. They do not possess open reading frames (ORFs), 3 UTR, and termination regions; the majority have limited coding potential. Long noncoding RNAs may be classified into five categories: (1) sense lncRNAs that overlap the nearest protein-coding genes at the same strand; (2) antisense lncRNAs located across the exons of protein-coding genes from the opposite strand; (3) bidirectional lncRNAs transcribed on the opposite strand within 1 kb from the nearest protein-coding gene; (4) intronic lncRNAs that overlap intronic regions of coding genes in either the sense or antisense orientation; (5) intergenic lncRNAs that represent the largest group of lncRNA; they are located between protein-coding genes but are at least 1 kb away from the nearest protein-coding gene [3] (Figure 3)
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