Abstract
Non-coding ribonucleic acid (RNA) has without a doubt captured the interest of biomedical researchers. The ability to screen the entire human genome with high-throughput sequencing technology has greatly enhanced the identification, annotation and prediction of the functionality of non-coding RNAs. In this review, we discuss the current landscape of non-coding RNA research and quantitative analysis. Non-coding RNA will be categorized into two major groups by size: long non-coding RNAs and small RNAs. In long non-coding RNA, we discuss regular long non-coding RNA, pseudogenes and circular RNA. In small RNA, we discuss miRNA, transfer RNA, piwi-interacting RNA, small nucleolar RNA, small nuclear RNA, Y RNA, single recognition particle RNA, and 7SK RNA. We elaborate on the origin, detection method, and potential association with disease, putative functional mechanisms, and public resources for these non-coding RNAs. We aim to provide readers with a complete overview of non-coding RNAs and incite additional interest in non-coding RNA research.
Highlights
It is commonly believed that protein-coding messenger ribonucleic acids are the primary controller of cells, carrying out the necessary functions for life
The rest of the genome plays an important role in controlling the expression of the coding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and in the spatial organization of the genome
Based on the latest genome-wide association studies (GWAS) Catalog (June 2017), only 3.56% of disease-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reside in the protein-coding region and 96.44% lie in non-coding regions proportioned between the intergenic regions and intron regions [1,2]
Summary
It is commonly believed that protein-coding messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) are the primary controller of cells, carrying out the necessary functions for life. The encode researchers consider all DNAs that are transcribed to RNA including non-coding RNA as functional. LncRNAs are often transcribed by RNA polymerase II, and can be classified as antisense, intronic, intergenic, divergent and enhancer lncRNAs according to their relative genome position (Figure 1) [10] They have many characteristics similar to mRNAs such as 5’. The current version of lncRNAdb is released in Jan 2015 providing information of sequence, genomic context, expression profile, structure, subcellular localization, conservation, and function for 287 eukaryotic lncRNAs. LncRNADisease, another database that documents previously identified and predicts novel lncRNA-disease associations for human and mouse was published in 2013 [33]. Current version (July 2017) of LncRNADisease documents ~3000 published lncRNA-disease associations including 914 lncRNAs and 329 diseases Another notable lncRNA resource is LNCipedia (v4.1), a database which contains 146,742 annotated human lncRNAs [34]. [10]. [10]
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