Abstract
Abstract The use of carbide-derived carbon (CDC) as the positive electrode material for lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) is investigated. CDC based LIC cells are studied utilizing two different negative electrode materials: graphite and lithium titanate Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO). The graphite electrodes are prelithiated before assembling the LICs, and LTO containing cells are studied with and without prelithiation. The rate capability and cycle life stability during 1000 cycles are evaluated by galvanostatic cycling at current densities of 0.4–4 mA cm −2 . The CDC shows a specific capacitance of 120 F g −1 in the organic lithium-containing electrolyte, and the LICs demonstrate a good stability over 1000 charge-discharge cycles. The choice of the negative electrode is found to have an effect on the utilization of the CDC positive electrode during cycling and on the specific energy of the device. The graphite/CDC cell delivers a maximum specific discharge energy of 90 Wh kg −1 based on the total mass of active material in the cell. Both the prelithiated and non-prelithiated LTO/CDC cells show a specific energy of around 30 Wh kg −1 .
Highlights
The invention of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries can be credited for revolutionizing the use of portable consumer electronics
Based on a post-mortem analysis of commercial graphite/LiFePO4 battery cells charge-discharge cycled at different temperatures, cell aging was observed to arise mainly from side reactions at the graphite negative electrode
Passivating layer growth on graphite dominated at room temperature, whereas severe metallic Li deposition occurred at lower temperatures
Summary
The invention of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries can be credited for revolutionizing the use of portable consumer electronics. Their commercialization by Sony in 1991 came after almost two decades of research by scientists including M. Li-ion batteries are utilized in large-scale applications like electric vehicles (EVs) and stationary energy storage. Concerns about climate change have caused governments all over the world to introduce policies to reduce carbon emissions by decreasing the use of fossil fuels. These policies are driving the electrification of vehicles and the implementation of renewable energy sources. They are becoming more common in stationary energy storage systems for renewable energy, especially in areas with limited space
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