Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have been considered as a promising storage system from the early 1960s. Sulfur is a low cost material and abundant in nature. It has a high theoretical gravimetric capacity, high energy and high volumetric density. The Li-S battery offers many challenges that have to be overcome before full commercialization of stable cells with high gravimetric energy density. The major issues are lithium polysulfides’ transport towards the anode, the so called lithium polysulfides shuttle mechanism and the cells’ self-discharge, which causes capacity decay. In order to mitigate these challenges, the mechanisms of operation and degradation need to be first understood in detail. For that purpose, different analytical techniques have been employed, ranging from electrochemical characterisations, X-ray techniques, various spectroscopies to microscopies.
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