Liquid crystal behavior in solutions, electrode passivation, and impedance loci in four quadrants

Abstract

This chapter presents various systems, which exhibit liquid crystal characteristics or self-assembly in solution that seem to facilitate global electronic coupling. The phenomenon of impedance with negative resistance and the impedance loci passing through two, three, or four quadrants in the complex plane are common in many biological systems such as prothrombin, collagen, lysine, DNA-lysine, DNA-H2O2, EDTA, nitrilotriacetic acid, iminodiacetic acid, methyliminodiacetic acid, and molybdate with FADH2, NADH, lysine, Ne-acetyl-L-lysine, histidine, arginine, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, spermidine, hexanediamine, ethylene diamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, and N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediamine. Impedance loci occurring in two, three, or four quadrants depend on the nature of the substrate, counter ions, pH, concentration, hydrogen-bonding characteristics, and the potential of the mercury working electrode. Coherent liquid crystal or self-assembly behavior represents a long range signaling system for biological regulation.