Abstract
Since Machemer introduced pars plana vitrectomy techniques in 1971, there have been numerous advancements in vitreoretinal surgery. The development shown by lighting systems and light sources that provide wider viewing opportunities is remarkable. The development of different types of light probes that provide wide-angle viewing and the use of filters to prevent phototoxicity provide a safer surgical opportunity along with better imaging. In addition, the use of different types of multifunctional endolaser probes facilitates faster and safer surgical applications by facilitating access to the peripheral retina. This review will evaluate the developments in lighting systems and light sources, as well as the use of diathermy and endolaser and current approaches.
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