Abstract
The objective of this study is to analyze life cycle energy and CO2 emission profiles by employing an input–output analysis method for urban houses in major cities of Indonesia. Two surveys investigating building material inventory and household energy consumption within individual houses were conducted in Bandung in 2011 and 2012. The results show that, if reused and recycled materials were assumed to be zero, the averaged embodied energy for simple, medium and luxurious houses in Bandung was larger than that for their respective houses in Jakarta. Overall, the average annual energy consumption of all samples in Jakarta was approximately 20.6 GJ, which is 5.0 GJ larger than that in Bandung. In terms of life cycle energy, the operational energy accounted for 79%–86% and 69%–81% of the total for respective houses in Jakarta and Bandung. The profiles of life cycle CO2 emissions are similar to those of energy. The results of the scenario analysis prove that the promotion of reusing/recycling is important to reduce building material inputs/waste and their corresponding embodied energy. It is also important to reduce the use of air-conditioning for operational energy in the future by adopting passive cooling techniques wherever possible.
Highlights
The ultimate purpose of this study is to propose low energy and low carbon residential buildings in major cities of Indonesia
The results indicate that do reusing and recycling materials reduce the amount of material waste generated they diminish embodied energy
Two case studies, which investigated embodied energy and household energy consumption profiles, in Bandung and Jakarta, were analyzed in order to identify the profiles of life cycle energy and CO2 emissions in major cities of Indonesia for respective phases of the building life cycle; i.e., production and operation phases
Summary
The ultimate purpose of this study is to propose low energy and low carbon residential buildings in major cities of Indonesia. The need for living spaces increased rapidly, and an enormous number of residential buildings have been developed, especially in major cities. This tremendous urbanization found in the major cities sees a large increase in urban energy consumption. In Indonesia, the household sector contributed 33.2% of the nationwide final energy consumption during the period of 2000–2013 [2]. The household energy consumption is expected to increase dramatically as the middle class in urban areas rises in the near future [3]. Energy-saving strategies are, essential to be introduced further to make the cities more sustainable
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