Household Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions for Residential Buildings in Jakarta and Bandung of Indonesia

Abstract

Indonesia has been experiencing population and high economic growth in line with rapid urbanization. As a consequence, the need for living areas increased, and an enormous number of residential buildings have been developed in major cities, such as Jakarta and Bandung. The household sector contributes to the nationwide final energy consumption by 29% in 2011, and the household energy consumption is expected to increase dramatically in the near future. The objective of this study is to analyze household energy consumption and CO2 emission profiles for urban houses in major cities of Indonesia. Three surveys investigating household energy consumption within individual houses and apartments were conducted in Bandung (2011 and 2014) and Jakarta (2012). The results show that, overall, the average annual energy consumption of all samples in Jakarta was approximately 20.6 GJ, which is 5.0 and 7.1 GJ larger than individual houses and apartments in Bandung, respectively. The difference was primarily attributed to a difference in the ownership and use of air-conditioning between the two cities due to different altitudes. The profiles of CO2 emissions are similar to those of energy. It is important to reduce the use of air-conditioning for operational energy for urban houses in the future.