Leisure time activities in adolescence in the presence of susceptibility genes for obesity: risk or resilience against overweight in adulthood? The HUNT study

Jostein Holmen,Koenraad Cuypers,Kirsti Kvaløy,Turid Lingaas Holmen,Margunn Skjei Knudtsen,Steinar Krokstad,Karin De Ridder

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-820

Jostein Holmen, Koenraad Cuypers + Show 5 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-820

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Abstract

BackgroundEnvironment, health behavior, and genetic background are important in the development of obesity. Adolescents spend substantial part of daily leisure time on cultural and social activities, but knowledge about the effects of participation in such activities on weight is limited.MethodsA number of 1450 adolescents from the Norwegian HUNT study (1995–97) were followed-up in 2006–08 as young adults. Phenotypic data on lifestyle and anthropometric measures were assessed using questionnaires and standardized clinical examinations. Genotypic information on 12 established obesity-susceptibility loci were available for analyses. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the associations between cultural and social activities in adolescence and adiposity measures in young adulthood. In addition, interaction effects of a genetic predisposition score by leisure time activities were tested.ResultsIn girls, participation in cultural activities was negatively associated with waist circumference (WC) (B = −0.04, 95%CI: -0.08 to −0.00) and with waist-hip ratio (WHR) (B = −0.058, 95%CI: -0.11 to −0.01). However, participation in social activities was positively associated with WC (B = 0.040, CI: 0.00 to 0.08) in girls and with BMI (B = 0.027, CI: 0.00 to 0.05) in boys. The effect of the obesity-susceptibility genetic variants on anthropometric measures was lower in adolescents with high participation in cultural activities compared to adolescents with low participation.ConclusionThis study suggests that the effects of cultural activities on body fat are different from the effects of participation in social activities. The protective influence of cultural activities in female adolescents against overweight in adulthood and their moderating effect on obesity-susceptibility genes suggest that even cultural activities may be useful in public health strategies against obesity.

Highlights

Environment, health behavior, and genetic background are important in the development of obesity
More girls than boys were highly engaged in cultural activities, while participation in social activities was distributed between the genders
There was a positive association between participation in social activities in adolescence and overweight in young adulthood; the P for trend did not reach statistical significance

Summary

Introduction

Environment, health behavior, and genetic background are important in the development of obesity. Development of obesity is influenced by a complex interplay between genetic background, environmental factors, behavior, and socio-economic status [1]. Physical activities have previously been suggested as important leisure time activities protecting against development of obesity [3], but a substantial part of the daily leisure time in adolescence is spent on other activities, like cultural and social activities. Recent studies on humans [7] and rodents which were placed in enriched environments where they were offered mentally exercises (i.e. toys, change in food locations, more complex housing) [8] have revealed biological and psycho-neuroimmunological pathways which may help to explain the possible health effects of these cultural activities. Social influences may be an important cause of low compliance in physical activity interventions [9], and obesity appears to spread through social ties [10]

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