Participation in leisure activities in adolescents with congenital heart defects.

Middle-aged and older adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at risk for decreased health-related quality of life (HRQoL), which may be improved by engaging in leisure activities. We examined associations between HRQoL and participation in cognitive, physical, social, and passive leisure activities, and whether depressive symptoms mediated these relationships. Wilson and Cleary's conceptual model of HRQoL guided this study. In this cross-sectional observational study, we enrolled 174 adults living with HIV aged 40 and older (M = 51.3, SD = 7.03). Participants completed assessments of leisure activities, depressive symptoms, and HRQoL. Data were analyzed using Spearman's rho correlations, hierarchal multiple regression, and mediation analyses. Greater engagement in physical activities was associated with higher physical HRQoL (b = 2.02, p < .05). Greater engagement in social activities was associated with both higher physical (b = 1.44, p < .05) and mental HRQoL (b = 1.95, p < .01). However, all associations between leisure activities and HRQoL were fully attenuated by depressive symptoms. Cognitive and passive leisure activities were not significantly correlated with HRQoL. Mediation analyses confirmed that depressive symptoms were the mediator mechanism by which social activities affected mental and physical HRQoL. More frequent engagement in physical and social leisure activities is associated with better HRQoL, and social leisure activities improve HRQoL via their impact on mood. Interventions to increase leisure activities, especially among people living with HIV who have poorer affective functioning, may be the most effective approach to improving HRQoL.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in engagement in physical, leisure and social activities in older adults following primary TKA. A prospective study of 106 patients with a mean age of 72.6 (SD 7.4) years undergoing primary TKA was performed. Physical, social and leisure activities performed by the patients preoperatively and postoperatively at 3-year were recorded. Activities were selected according to the age, and grouped as passive, moderate and high intensity. The energy spent in each activity was expressed in Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) units. Charlson Comorbidity Index, Mini-mental test and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) scores were also used. Multivariate analysis was used to identify predictors of active patients. Mean WOMAC significantly improved from preoperative (34.8, SD 11.8) to final follow-up (74.4, SD 11.1) (p = 0.001), and the mean energy spent increased from 10.7 (SD 13.6) to 28.2 (SD 16.2) MET-hour weekly (p = 0.001) with a decrease in the passive activities and increase in the moderate activities. However, the participation in high-intensity activities according to age was negligible. Only 65 (61.3%) patients were considered active postoperatively (weekly spending ≥ 40 MET), although the WOMAC scores were not significantly different between active and sedentary patients. Active patients compared with sedentary patients had a significant increase in engagement in physical, social and leisure activities, and a decrease in passive activities. Female gender (p = 0.037), less preoperatively participation in passive activities (p = 0.042), and greater participation in social activities (p = 0.027) were significant predictors of active patients at the final follow-up. Overall, most patients increased their activity level postoperatively. However, 38.6% of patients had no increased engagement in moderate physical, social or leisure activities at the medium-term despite improvements in pain and function provided by TKA. II.

Background: The world is experiencing widespread population ageing with the proportion of people aged 60 years and over growing faster than any other age group (WHO, 2002). This demographic trend creates significant social and economic challenges to policy makers and has resulted in research imperatives to keep older adults independent in the community for as long as possible. Ageing is associated with cognitive disorders and neurodegenerative conditions (Keller, 2006; Bishop, Lu & Yankner, 2010). However, there is significant heterogeneity in this process, with different individuals experiencing varying degrees of age related declines (Christensen et al., 1999; Salthouse, 2004). This has resulted in research efforts to uncover modifiable factors that may attenuate cognitive and emotional decline and promote the successful ageing of older adults. The concept of activity underpinning successful ageing pervades current frameworks and models of health and wellbeing (WHO, 2002; Rowe & Kahn, 1997). Activity participation is central to the enhancement of functioning, health and the protection of disability as individual’s age and forms the basis for the current research. Study Aims: The primary aim of this study is to explore the relationship between activity types (i.e. cognitive, physical and social activity) and emotional and cognitive functioning in a large community based sample of women. A secondary aim is to investigate the relationship between age, education and perceived health on activity levels and cognitive and emotional functioning within this sample. Method: The participants were 357 randomly selected community dwelling women aged 40 to 79 years who participated in the Longitudinal Study of Women (LAW) at the Betty Byrne Henderson Women’s Health Research Centre within the Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Australia. Participants completed self-report questionnaires and underwent a detailed neuropsychological assessment of their executive functioning and memory. Results: Participation in cognitive activities predicted better cognitive functioning but physical and social activities did not significantly predict improved cognitive functioning after taking into account an individual’s participation in cognitive activities. Greater participation in social and physical activities were related to lower levels of depression but were unrelated to levels of anxiety. While participation in cognitive activities did not uniquely predict emotional functioning after taking into account an individual’s participation in social and physical activities. The findings also revealed that as people aged their participation in cognitive and physical activities declined, while their participation in social activities remained the same. Higher education levels were related to increased participation in cognitive and physical activities but not social activity. Better perceived health status was related to higher participation in social and physical activity but not cognitive activities. Conclusion: Different types of activities had varying relationships with cognitive and emotional functioning. The clinical implications of these results is that public health programs designed to optimise the wellbeing and successful ageing of adults should potentially advocate not only activity participation but stress the need for a repertoire of cognitive, social and physical activities to maximise the differential benefits that participation appears to exert on cognitive and emotional health. The findings also highlight risk factors for inactivity such as increasing age, lower perceived health and lower education levels. This will be particularly pertinent for cognitive and physical activities which are associated with declining participation rates as people age.

Background: Developmental theorists suggest that physical activity during early childhood promotes fundamental motor skill (FMS) proficiency; and that differences in FMS proficiency are largely related to children's experiences.Aim: To examine associations between participation in different types of recreation/leisure and FMS proficiency of boys and girls in their first year of school. We hypothesized that there would be positive associations between FMS proficiency and participation in organized sport, physical activities, and active physical recreation; but not for other types of recreation/leisure.Method: Participants (n = 74) were kindergarten children (Mage = 5y11 m; boys = 55%). Parents completed the diversity dimension of the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) survey. The CAPE measures children's participation in everyday activities outside of mandated school activities in the past four months in five types of formal and informal activities, specifically: Recreational activities, Physical activities, Social activities, Skill-Based activities, and Self-Improvement activities. Two categories of activities were also reported: Organized Sport and Active Physical Recreation. Locomotor and object control skills were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 and static balance was assessed using a stork stand. Sex-based differences in motor skills and participation were examined using chi-squared analyses. Correlation coefficients were used to examine relationships between motor skills and CAPE sub-domains and categories. Linear regression was used to examine whether the type of activity predicted motor skill proficiency and the reverse.Results: There were no sex-based differences in locomotor skills; whereas boys' object control skill scores were significantly higher than girls, and girls' stork stand scores were higher than boys'. Although there were no sex-based differences in the more active categories of recreational pastimes; girls participated in significantly more formal and informal dance and the prevalence of participation in team sports was significantly higher for boys. For boys, participation in physical activities predicted both locomotor and object control skill scores, organized sport predicted object control skills, and active recreation predicted stork stand times and object control skill scores. These relationships were not evident among the girls.Conclusions: These findings illustrate that young children participate in a narrower array of physically active recreational pursuits compared with less active pursuits. There were notable sex-based differences in the relationships between participation and motor skill proficiency. For girls, none of the associations between recreational pastimes and motor skill proficiency were significant. This suggests that the motor proficiency of girls, as assessed in this study, is neither a precursor to, nor an outcome of, participation in active recreational pastimes. Contrastingly, the findings for boys support theory that suggests that physical activity is driving the acquisition of particular types of motor skills. Less active recreational activities were not associated with motor skill levels of boys, whereas each of the more active categories of recreational pastimes (active recreation, physical activities, and organized sport) predicted at least one sub-type of motor skill. It also seems clear from our findings that more light needs to be shed on how to optimally portray young girls' motor skill proficiency; as well as the relationships between their participation and motor skills.

The aim of this systematic review is to describe participation in social and physical leisure activities among children and adolescents with JIA, as well as identify potential determinants of leisure participation.MethodsElectronic databases were systematically searched for articles published up until June 2013 pertaining to participation in leisure activities among youth with JIA and other rheumatic diseases. Studies were included if they measured involvement in either social or physical leisure activities. Selection and quality appraisal of articles were completed independently by two authors.ResultsEight hundred and ninety-three articles were found through electronic and reference search. One hundred and nine full articles were reviewed to assess for eligibility. Twelve articles met inclusion criteria and findings were reviewed. Most focused on describing participation in physical rather than social activities. Results suggest that youth with JIA participated less in both social and physical leisure activities as compared to healthy peers, and those with JIA did not meet national recommendations for physical activity. Potential determinants of leisure participation were socio-demographic (age, sex), anthropometric (height, weight) and disease-related (JIA subtype, disease duration, pain, number of swollen or painful joints, stiffness, fatigue, well-being) factors.ConclusionCharacterization of leisure activity remains limited and mostly focused on physical activity in JIA. Assessment of more comprehensive outcome measures is warranted to obtain a better description of leisure in this population. Evidence of the influence of contextual factors as potential determinants of involvement in leisure among children with pediatric rheumatologic diseases is needed.

BackgroundThe neighborhood environment may enhance or restrict older people's opportunities to participate in leisure activities, and thus impact quality of life. Walkability depicts the environment's suitability for walking to different destinations. Little is known concerning about the relation between environment walkability and participation in leisure activities. Our purpose was to study whether neighborhood's objective and perceived walkability were related to participation in various leisure activities outside the home.MethodsCross-sectional data of LISPE consisted of 848 community-dwelling people aged 75-90 living in the municipalities of Jyväskylä and Muurame, Finland. Participants' home addresses were geocoded, and walkability index (mixed land-use, street connectivity, and population density) was calculated using geographic information system and categorized into tertiles. From a checklist, participants chose all infrastructure-based facilitators present in their neighborhood, which draw them to outdoor mobility (e.g., good lighting, services close); the sum of these was used as an indicator of perceived walkability. Participation in leisure activities outside the home was self-reported based on frequency and classified as participation (yes/no) in group activities (≥1x/week), physical activity (≥1x/week), and non-group cultural and other activities (≥1x/month). For each leisure activity type, logistic regression models were conducted for walkability index and perceived walkability separately. Analyses were adjusted age, sex, years of education, weekly car use, walking difficulties, and number of chronic conditions.ResultsLogistic regression showed that the older people who lived in areas with high walkability index were more likely to participate in cultural and other activities activity at least once a month (OR = 1.64, 95% Cl = 1.14-2.36) and less likely to participate in physical activity at least once a week (OR = 0.61, 95% Cl = 0.39-0.94, fully adjusted model) than older people living in areas with low walkability index. Older people reporting higher perceived walkability participated more often in physical activity than those who reported lower walkability (OR = 1.14, 95% Cl = 1.05-1.23).ConclusionsLiving in the area of high walkability enhanced participation in cultural activities and decreased participation in physical activity. However, higher perceived walkability may motivate older people to be physically active. Environment which offers good infrastructure for outdoor mobility provides opportunities to participate in specific leisure activities.

We explored Bandura's self-efficacy theory as applied to older adult (aged 63-92) participation in physical and social activity in a cross-cultural study. Older adults in Spain (n = 53) and the United States (n = 55) completed questions regarding self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and participation in physical and social activities. Self-efficacy significantly predicted both physical and social activity in both Spain and the United States. Outcome expectancy did not significantly predict either activity, nor did education, gender, or overall health. Modified and new self-efficacy measures proved reliable in both samples. This study enhances understanding of how self-efficacy motivates participation in physical activity, as noted in previous studies, as well as provides a new understanding of what motivates participation in social activities. The high reliability of the new measures used in this study provides evidence for further use of these measures in other contexts. It is important to note that this study further supports the use of Bandura's theory of self-efficacy for cross-cultural applications.

Introduction: The aim of this article was to study aspects of the evaluation of participation in occupations of older adults with beginning functional decline who receive home-based services. The aspects of evaluation studied were importance of, satisfaction with, and choice in participation. Method: A cross-sectional interview-based survey of 155 older adults receiving home-based services, administered through the Participation Survey/Mobility. The data were analysed with descriptive statistics. Findings: Moving around in the house, being in charge of personal care, and participating in leisure activities were perceived as the most important occupations for participation. Respondents were most satisfied with their participation in managing money, and least satisfied with their participation in leisure and social activities. Participation in leisure activities afforded them more choice than participation in physical activities. Few significant differences were found between gender, age, and level of functioning. Conclusion: In general, participation in both personal care and leisure activities was perceived as important, and the respondents felt they had choice when performing these occupations. They were less satisfied with their participation in social occupations, supporting the need for occupational therapists to enhance participation in this area.

Apathy predicts functional and cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults. However, the behavioral correlates of apathy, which could promote cognitive decline have not been described. Our objective was to investigate the associations of apathy with leisure and social engagement. N = 538 older adults enrolled in the Central Control of Mobility in Aging study. We used the GDS3A, a 3-item subscale of the Geriatric Depression Scale, to define apathy and the frequency of participation in cognitive, physical, and social leisure activities. Linear regression models were conducted to assess the association between apathy and its behavioral correlates: social engagement and leisure activity participation. Covariates included age, gender, education level, multimorbidity, and dysphoria. Apathy was present in 29.7% of participants and was significantly associated with less frequent participation in physical activity days per week (-1.688. p = 0.003) but not cognitive (-1.094, p = 0.252) or social (-0.654, p = 0.103) leisure activities. Apathy was also associated with a decreased social behavior composite score (-0.055, p < 0.001), Social Network Index (-0.478, p = 0.003), and Medical Outcomes Study Social Support scores (-0.26, p = 0.001). Our findings suggest that apathy presents with reduced participation in physical leisure activities and reduced social engagement, which may provide a way for clinicians and caregivers to identify apathy in the future.

Objective: Participation restrictions are serious problems that stroke survivors experience while reintegrating into family, work, community, and social situations after participating in rehabilitation programs. The purpose of this study was to explore the factors affecting participation in activities of daily living (ADL), as well as social and leisure activities of individuals with hemiparetic stroke. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The study involved 96 participants who were diagnosed with a first stroke 6 months before the study (58 men, 38 women; 60.3±14.3 years). The Berg Balance Scale, Modified Barthel Index, Manual Function test, and Activity Card Sort were used to assess static and dynamic balance function, upper limb function, level of independence, and their level of participation within the community. A regression analysis was used to identify the influence of factors affecting participation in ADL, social and recreational activities. Results: The Activity Card Sort scores were significantly affected by the Manual Function test and Modified Barthel Index scores (p<0.05). Participation in leisure activities was affected by the level of independence. Participation in social activities was affected by the balance function and level of independence of the participants. Conclusions: The results of this study have shown that participation restrictions are affected by upper limb function, balance function, and the level of independence in individuals with hemiparetic stroke.

Objectives: Sensory processing patterns can be related to children's preferences for various activities. Still, our understanding of how different sensory processing patterns are related to children's participation in leisure activities is fairly limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between sensory processing patterns and children's participation in leisure activities. Methods: In this systematic review, the PRISMA (The Preferred Reporting Items For Systematic Reviews And Meta-Analyses) Guidelines were followed. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer, ProQuest, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Medline, OT Seeker, SID, and Healio databases using the following keywords: “Participation”, “leisure”, “play”, “sensory processing”, “sensory integration”, “sensorimotor”, “sensory”, and “children”. A total of 5040 articles were found, of which 5027 were eliminated after the review, and finally, 13 articles were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria; 6 of them entered the meta-analysis process. The meta-analysis was performed using CMA software. Results: The meta-analysis of 6 studies illustrated a significant correlation between the energy level and desire to participate in leisure activities, the auditory-visual sensitivity and willingness to participate in leisure activities, the sensory processing patterns and the intensity of involvement in leisure activities, the general sensory processing and desire to participate in leisure activities, the sensory processing patterns and desire to participate in informal activities, the olfactory sensitivity and desire to participate in leisure activities, the auditory filtering and desire to participate in leisure activities, the sensory processing patterns and enjoyment of participation in leisure activities, and finally sensory processing patterns and desire to participate in recreational activities. Discussion: The evidence in articles on sensory processing patterns and participation in play and leisure activities is inadequate. The only conclusion drawn from all patterns of sensory processing is the significant relationship between these patterns and the preference to participate in recreational activities (which is just one of the several leisure activities).

Efforts to determine potentially modifiable factors associated with heterogeneity in cognitive status in old age point to the importance of participation in cognitive, physical, and social leisure activities and the relevance of historical changes in completion of post-secondary education. We use data from two birth cohorts in the US Health and Retirement [HRS: Baby Boomers (BB) born 1948-1959; Older cohorts (OC) born before 1948] to examine this proposal. Eligible participants (N=8503: Mage=71) provided post-secondary education information in the HRS Life History Mail Survey (LHMS, 2015-2017) and cognitive status and participation in leisure activities in the 2016 or 2018 HRS biennial waves. Cohorts differed in rates of college education (BB 53% vs OC 42%) and overall leisure activity participation (BB&amp;gt;OC, p&amp;lt;.001). A multiple regression analysis predicting cognitive status (normal vs impaired: Langa-Weir algorithm) revealed significant effects for college education (OR=O.47), leisure activities (OR=0.87), and cohort (ps &amp;lt;.001), after controls for age, gender, wealth, race, marital status, chronic illnesses, and depression. In follow-up cohort-stratified analyses, we grouped people by level of participation in specific activity types (top quartile vs rest). Interestingly, within the older cohort, the risk of cognitive impairment was significantly reduced by high participation in cognitive (OR=0.42) and physical (OR=0.71) leisure activities in addition to having college education (OR=0.47). Within the BB cohort, only people with high participation in cognitive leisure activities (OR=0.65) in addition to college education (OR=0.38) had a reduced risk. Future research should investigate why some leisure activities seem to confer benefits for cognitive resilience whereas others don’t.

The aim of this study is to determine how the recreational lives of individuals are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which emerged in Wuhan, China, in 2019 and negatively affects the lives of individuals all over the world and is considered a recreational barrier. In this descriptive research, individuals' recreational lives are discussed in the dimensions of "Participation in Hobby/Cultural/Artistic Activities with Passive Participation", "Participation in Physical Activities with Active Participation", "Participation in Social Activities", "Participation in Skill-Based Activities" and "Participation in Personal Development Courses". Data regarding their participation in these activities before the pandemic and how their participation in these activities was affected during the pandemic was collected during the pandemic through an online survey developed for this purpose. According to the results of the research, it has been observed that individuals' participation in activities that require active participation decreases, their participation in social activities is negatively affected, and their participation in activities around the home, at home and with the family, and in online personal development courses increases.&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/soc/0445/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Purpose This study aimed to examine the relationship between participation in social activity and both, composite and individual measures of physical fitness in community-dwelling older adults.Methods This study was conducted using baseline data from the Sasaguri Genkimon Study (SGS), a longitudinal cohort study conducted in 2011. Participants were 1,365 community-dwelling men and women aged 65 years or above, who did not require certified nursing care and who resided in Sasaguri, a town located east of the Fukuoka metropolitan area. Participation in social activity was assessed by asking participants whether they engaged in any of eight social activities. Physical fitness tests assessed participants' handgrip strength and knee extension strength as measures of muscle strength, and their one-leg standing time, 5-m maximum gait speed, and 5-repetition sit-to-stand rate as measures of their physical performance. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between participation in social activity and each measure of physical fitness, adjusting for sex; age; body mass index; socioeconomic status; solitary living; exercise, habitual drinking and smoking; accelerometer-measured, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; cognitive function; instrumental activities of daily living; distress; social network; and comorbidities.Results A total of 83.6% of the participants were engaged in at least one social activity. After adjusting for potential confounders, engagement in social activity was positively associated with a higher composite physical fitness score, faster gait speed and 5-repetition sit-to-stand rate, and longer one-leg standing time (P=0.008, P=0.030, P=0.034, and P=0.009, respectively).Conclusion Participation in social activity was significantly associated with physical fitness, specifically those related to locomotive function. These associations were independent of various confounders including socioeconomic status, and comorbidities.

Physical and recreational activities are behaviors that may modify risk of late-life cognitive decline. We sought to examine the role of retrospectively self-reported midlife (age 40) physical and recreational activity engagement - and self-reported change in these activities from age 40 to initial study visit - in predicting late-life cognition. Data were obtained from 898 participants in a longitudinal study of cognitive aging in demographically and cognitively diverse older adults (Age: range = 49-93 years, M = 75, SD = 7.19). Self-reported physical and recreational activity participation at age 40 and at the initial study visit were quantified using the Life Experiences Assessment Form. Change in activities was modeled using latent change scores. Cognitive outcomes were obtained annually (range = 2-17 years) using the Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales, which measure verbal episodic memory, semantic memory, visuospatial processing, and executive functioning. Physical activity engagement at age 40 was strongly associated with cognitive performance in all four domains at the initial visit and with global cognitive slope. However, change in physical activities after age 40 was not associated with cognitive outcomes. In contrast, recreational activity engagement - both at age 40 and change after 40 - was predictive of cognitive intercepts and slope. Retrospectively self-reported midlife physical and recreational activity engagement were strongly associated with late-life cognition - both level of performance and rate of future decline. However, the data suggest that maintenance of recreational activity engagement (e.g., writing, taking classes, reading) after age 40 is more strongly associated with late-life cognition than continued maintenance of physical activity levels.